纺织复合材料预制体成型过程无损检测技术研究进展

纺织复合材料多为各向异性材料,其力学性能很大程度上取决于成型后预制体内纤维的取向。为确保预制体成型后纤维的取向符合产品设计的要求,目前已有多种无损检测技术为纺织复合材料预制体成型过程及质量的检测提供服务。本文结合纺织复合材料预制体织造技术的发展趋势及预制体成型过程对无损检测的需求,就目前广泛用于科研和产业化生产当中的多种无损检测技术(包括接触式测量技术、光学检测技术、热成像检测技术、涡流检测技术、射线检测技术)进行了综述,总结各方法所具有的技术特点、应用情况与存在问题。最后,讨论了纺织复合材料预制体成型过程无损检测技术的发展趋势和面临的挑战。      

碳纤维3D机织预制体弯曲性能

异形结构复合材料构件成型过程中，其内部纤维预制体往往发生显著的宏观变形。预制体的弯曲性能对褶皱缺陷的形成和演化有着决定性影响。采用三点弯曲法对碳纤维3D机织预制体进行了测试，利用Micro-CT技术研究了预制体的微细观变形机制，分析了经纱密度和纬纱密度对预制体弯曲性能的影响规律。结果发现：3D机织预制体的临界弯曲能量随着组织点密度的增加大致呈线性增大的趋势。预制体弯曲变形主要由经纱屈曲度变化、局部压缩屈曲和经纬纱层间滑移等微细观变形构成。     

三维异型纺织复合材料的预制体织造技术及材料力学性能研究进展

近年来，三维纺织复合材料因其整体性能优异、结构丰富和净成形等特点，被广泛地应用于国防重大工程领域。其中，三维异型纺织复合材料理论研究仍远落后于应用。从三维异型纺织复合材料构件的应用出发，根据各种构件的典型特征分类归纳了三维异型纺织结构件的应用现状，总结了三维异型纺织复合材料预制体的主要织造工艺和织造装备的发展现状，并从不同的层级分析国内外对三维异型纺织复合材料的力学性能、细观结构建模、数值模拟等方面的研究进展，提出了三维异型纺织复合材料研究面临的关键问题，以期为三维异型纺织复合材料在未来的应用提供支撑。     

炭纤维针刺预制体增强C/SiC复合材料的制备与性能研究

以炭纤维复合网胎针刺织物为预制体, 采用“化学气相渗透法+先驱体浸渍裂解法”(CVI+PIP)混合工艺, 制备了C/SiC陶瓷复合材料; 研究了针刺预制体的致密化效率以及复合材料的微观结构和力学性能, 并与目前常用的三维编织C/SiC复合材料和预氧丝针刺织物增强C/SiC复合材料进行了对比. 结果表明, 针刺预制体的致密化效率明显高于三维编织预制体, 在相同致密工艺条件下, 炭纤维针刺织物增强复合材料和预氧丝针刺织物增强复合材料的密度分 别达到2.08和2.02g/cm³, 而三维编织预制体增强复合材料的密度仅为1.81g/cm³. 炭纤维针刺复合材料的力学性能高于预氧丝针刺复合材料, 弯曲强度和剪切强度分别达到237和26MPa.     

三维编织碳/碳复合材料预制体结构模拟

通过分析纱线拓扑结构,用单胞的旋转和合成,实现了8.4°,22°两种编织角的三维编织碳/碳复合材料预制体结构的计算机图形模拟,纱线空间走向和截面变形,空隙形状和大小能方便地用图形显示,所模拟的结构与实物相似.从而解决了分析预制体内部结构的难题,为合理设计CVI工艺,进行碳/碳复合材料力学性能的分析奠定了基础.     

不同预制体结构C/C复合材料轴向热力学性能分析

主要对比了编织C/C复合材料和针刺C/C复合材料的轴向热力学性能.编织C/C复合材料主要有径棒法、轴棒法、轴向穿刺三种,针刺C/C复合材料主要有炭布叠层针刺、整体毡两种.编织预制体密度较高,平均可达到0.70g/cm3以上,针刺类整体毡密度在0.20g/cm3左右,炭布叠层预制体密度在0.45g/cm3左右,均低于编织预制体.径棒法、轴棒法、轴向穿刺预制体轴向纤维含量≥19%,针刺类预制体轴向纤维含量约为5%.C/C复合材料的轴向拉伸强度、热膨胀系数与预制体编织结构、轴向纤维含量有关,编织类C/C复合材料轴向拉伸强度平均值≥40MPa,针刺类C/C复合材料轴向拉伸强度在10MPa左右.轴棒法、轴向穿刺、炭布叠层针刺、整体毡等四种C/C复合材料(RT～800℃)轴向热膨胀系数基本相当.     

Cf/Mg 复合材料异形件成形装置设计与实验研究

为实现Cf/Mg复合材料异形件的近净成形,在分析金属基复合材料液态浸渗制备技术的基础上,提出了真空压力浸渗-液固挤压制备Cf/Mg复合材料新工艺,并设计了相应的成形装置.利用设计的装置开展2D碳毡增强镁基复合材料异形件的制备研究.在熔炼温度为760~820℃,预制体预热温度为570~610℃,浸渗气压0.5 MPa和挤压载荷10~30 MPa等工艺参数下,成功制备出Cf/Mg复合材料异形制件.对复合材料制件进行宏观尺寸测量及扫描电镜(SEM)观察发现,制件外形完整,与设计一致;制件内部组织致密、纤维分布均匀;预制体在制备过程中没有发生明显的变形和破坏.     

C/C泡沫预制体液相硅浸渗制备C/SiC复合材料研究

以中间相沥青浸渍整体碳毡发泡技术制备的一种新型多孔C/C泡沫复合材料为预制体,通过液相硅浸渗(LSI)工艺制备了C/SiC复合材料,研究了预制体不同孔隙率对Si浸渗及C/SiC复合材料力学性能和微观形貌的影响,分析了复合材料的物相组成和晶体结构.结果表明,采用发泡技术可以快速有效地实现C/C预制体的致密化处理.预制体孔隙率为65.41%时液相硅浸渗处理后所得复合材料性能最好,密度为2.64g/cm3,弯曲强度为137MPa,弹性模量为150GPa.纤维未作表面抗硅化涂层处理以及复合材料中存在闭孔是C/SiC复合材料性能不佳的主要原因.     

密度梯度变化预制体对C/C复合材料结构和力学性能的影响

针对常用恒密度预制体在C/C复合材料制备过程中容易表面孔隙堵塞现象,沿着厚度方向将预制体设计成密度梯度变化,并通过化学气相渗透法制备C/C复合材料。研究了密度梯度变化的预制体结构对C/C复合材料的结构和弯曲力学性能的影响。结果表明:变密度预制体改变了碳纤维在预制体内的分布,导致C/C复合材料内部孔隙结构的变化,形成了细小的闭孔,从而提高了C/C复合材料的力学性能。     

密度梯度变化预制体对C/C复合材料氧化性能的影响

设计一种沿着厚度方向分为"上中下"3层结构的密度梯度变化预制体,并采用该预制体经化学气相渗透法制备了C/C复合材料。采用恒温氧化实验研究了该预制体结构对C/C复合材料的氧化性能的影响。结果表明,变密度预制体没有改变C/C复合材料的氧化模式,即氧化动力学模式和扩散模式。预制体结构的变化对氧化动力学模式没有影响,但由于变密度预制体改变了C/C复合材料内部孔隙结构的变化,阻碍了氧气在材料内部的扩散,从而提高了C/C复合材料的高温抗氧化性能。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度

本文根据多年的实践检定经验 ,参照JJF1 0 59- 1 999《测量不确定度评定与表示》以及《测量不确定度表达 1 0讲》 ,对卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度进行了评定。     

盐酸浓度不确定度的评估

通过对盐酸浓度标定的过程分析，找出影响结果的各个分量，进行不确定度的评定，按照计量技术规范给出标准的表示法。     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.