微波干燥自发凝固成型氧化铝湿坯（英文）

为了解决常规干燥(控温控湿)过程中坯体出现水分梯度问题,利用微波干燥法来干燥湿坯。通过对比常规干燥(温度:40℃;湿度:60%)和微波干燥的方式,研究了湿坯的重量损失、线性收缩、表面温度和水分分布。与常规干燥相比,采用微波干燥(功率250 W)时,干燥结束时间和停止收缩时间分别缩短至1/6.8和1/6。在微波干燥过程中,样品表面温度随时间延长先升高后降低,与体内水分密切相关。而在常规干燥过程中,温度保持恒定在40℃。采用低场核磁共振（NMR）成像技术表征湿坯内部的水分分布情况发现:在微波干燥过程中,水分分布更均匀,表明微波干燥时湿坯的干燥应力更低。在1550℃下烧结6h后,微波干燥制备得到的氧化铝陶瓷具有更高的抗弯强度,且标准差更小。     

细节设计决定干燥效果 能够优质、高效完成产品干燥的现代化真空干燥机

残留湿度、粒度分布和干燥时间等参数在干燥工艺过程中具有至关重要的作用。尤其那些在干燥过程中对热、温度非常敏感的产品，特殊的解决方案必不可少。Italvacuum公司研发生产的真空干燥机就为医药产品干燥生产、化学品干燥生产和化妆品干燥生产提供了特殊的解决方案。     

肉品冷冻升华干燥层的热质传输特性

建立了冷冻升华干燥过程中物料干燥层导热系数和质扩散系数的数学模型。以牛肉为试样,根据实验测得的干燥脱水量计算出干燥层有效导热系数和有效质扩散系数。应用二系数值算得干燥层中的温度分布,与实验结果基本一致。     

真空干燥箱内温度分布特征研究

真空干燥箱可在常温甚至低温下干燥物料,特别适用于热敏性、易分解、易氧化等物品的快速干燥,在食品加工、医药制药等行业得到广泛应用。文章采用经校准的无线温度记录仪测量了真空干燥箱在常压和1 kPa两种工作条件下,工作区域温度分布特点,研究结果表明此两种条件下,真空干燥箱内温度波动度均小于1℃;由于传热方式的改变,1 kPa条件下温场均匀性变差。     

喷射循环热风加热的变压器真空干燥技术

喷射循环热风加热干燥技术是用压缩空气喷射驱动替代传统风机的扰动,实现热风循环对流换热、加热变压器的真空干燥技术.该技术克服了传统热风循环和变压法干燥技术的缺陷,从物理原理上提高了变压器热风循环干燥的技术性能.对于提高干燥设备的加热效率、防止铁心生锈、改善温度分布、保证干燥系统真空度有显著效果.     

干燥温度对照相明胶分子量及分布的影响

以三种照相明胶为研究对象，用陈丽娟等改进的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ（＋二烷基磺酸钠一聚丙烯酢酰胺凝胶电泳）法探讨了在干燥过程中温度对照相明胶分子量及其分布的影响。实验结果表明，提高干燥温度，如从室温提高到５５℃，由于发生部分α链降解，明胶数均分子量下降；继续提高干燥温度，如提高到７０℃或８７℃，明胶数均分子量不变；干燥温度提高到１０５℃，快胶和惰胶分子量分布朝分子量大的方向变化，数均分子量上升，而ＰＡ胶由于本身特性，数均分子量下降。     

真空干燥箱内传热过程数值模拟研究

采用数值模拟方法对真空干燥箱内的传热过程进行了模拟,模型中采用Boussinesq假设计算箱内空气的自然对流,采用S2S模型计算辐射传热,通过模型计算得到了不同压强下真空干燥箱内的温度分布,并探讨了采用JJF 1101-2003直接校准真空干燥箱的可行性。研究结果表明:当真空干燥箱内的工作压强接近绝对真空时,箱内的温度分布会发生明显改变,随着箱内压强的降低,辐射传热量占总传热量的比例逐渐增加,箱内的温度均匀性变差,常压和接近绝对真空下,真空干燥箱内的均匀度指标均不满足JJF 1101-2003的要求,因此,采用JJF 1101-2003直接考察真空干燥箱的温场均匀性是不合适的。     

凹印机热风干燥箱射流场数值计算与分析

目的研究凹版印刷机热风干燥系统的工作特性,确定最佳干燥工艺参数。方法以FR400凹印机干燥装置为研究对象,从油墨溶剂阶段性挥发的干燥机理出发,建立多束气体冲击平面射流干燥模型;通过Fluent完成干燥箱的流体场数值计算,基于干燥箱几何结构研究热风的复杂流动状态,分析湍流产生原因及对干燥效果的影响;通过数值切片技术,提取印刷品表面热风速度和温度值,研究干燥参量波动的范围和特征,讨论不同位置处热风不均匀特征和产生机理,以及不同区域干燥过程中风速和温度的变化特征。结果干燥箱左腔体导流板两侧及右腔体上端产生湍流,风嘴之间形成了间隔分布的涡流区域;干燥箱中间区域风嘴的热风速度较为均匀,上、下两侧较差,中后部风嘴处热风温度较高,左侧区域效果较差。结论热风干燥系统的几何结构对干燥效果的影响显著,合理的干燥箱结构设计和印刷图文布置有利于印品的干燥,为干燥系统优化改进与创新设计提供了依据。     

贝肉真空冷冻干燥过程的数值计算

本文通过质量和能量衡算，建立了描述冷冻干燥过程的一维非稳态耦合热质传递动力学模型。利用“变时间步长”和“隐式差分”的数值计算方法，将微分方程组的求解化为代数方程组的求解，得出制品升华干燥时间及温度分布情况，并通过实验验证数值解法的可靠程度。计算结果表明，冻结层的有效导热系数远大于干燥层，热量通过冻结层传递到升华界面比通过干燥层快得多。为了证明模型的可行性，实验以7mm的墨西哥湾扇贝柱为研究对象，干燥箱内压力定为10Pa，辐射板温度30℃，搁板温度-22℃。模拟出的升华干燥时间与实验得出的升华干燥时间误差为10％，模拟制品中心温度曲线与实验测得的制品中心温度曲线吻合良好，说明对于形状扁平的水产贝类产品，所选的一维传热模型可以用来预测升华干燥时间。     

带辐射的真空冷冻联合干燥系统的实验研究

设计了一套带辐射的真空冷冻干燥系统实验装置,以对虾为物料,进行干燥过程实验,分析研究干燥过程随辐射温度、真空度、含水率及时间等参数的变化规律。实验结果表明:物料中水份的升华干燥阶段与解析干燥阶段具有明显的转折点;辐射温度主要影响升华干燥阶段的水份升华速率,对于解析干燥阶段的水份升华速率只有略微影响,因此较低的辐射温度即能满足解析干燥的要求。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.