基于Krawtchouk不变矩的复制-粘贴篡改盲检测算法

针对数字图像检测中一类常见的复制-粘贴图像篡改,提出一种基于小波变换和径向Krawtchouk不变矩的盲检测算法。算法利用小波变换提取图像的低频分量,对低频分量分块提取径向Krawtchouk不变矩特征,这种特征描述方式对图像旋转后处理具有鲁棒性,然后将特征向量进行按字典排序,并结合数学形态学进行图像复制篡改区域的检测和定位。实验表明该算法能有效地定位出复制和粘贴的图像篡改区域,并对粘贴区域旋转操作具有很强的鲁棒性。     

利用Harris特征点和环形均值描述的图像区域复制篡改的被动取证

提出一种利用Harris特征点和环形均值描述的图像区域复制篡改检测算法。首先对图像进行自适应维纳滤波,并利用Harris算子提取图像的特征点,然后通过对每个特征点的环形邻域进行均值描述生成特征向量矩阵,并采用字典排序和阈值化处理进行相似性匹配,从而确定候选匹配点,最后利用RANSAC算法剔除错误的匹配点,实现复制和篡改区域的标识定位。实验结果表明,算法对于复制区域的旋转和翻转变换具有较强的鲁棒性,并且可以有效抵抗常见的后处理攻击,包括高斯模糊、加性高斯白噪声、JPEG压缩以及它们的混合操作,尤其能够抵抗非显著视觉结构的平坦区域和小区域的复制、粘贴、篡改操作。     

抗翻转、旋转和缩放攻击的图像区域复制篡改检测

针对现有图像区域复制篡改检测算法对几何攻击较脆弱的特点,提出一种能够有效抵抗翻转、旋转和缩放的篡改检测方法.首先采用对数极坐标变换将圆窗图像投影到具有旋转、缩放不变性的坐标空间;然后自适应调整圆窗大小与频带宽度,消除多余图像信息与噪声的干扰,提高相位相关峰值以实现图像圆窗匹配;最后采用自适应调整得到的圆窗图像计算相位相关矩阵峰值位置以获取旋转角度与缩放因子,并将其应用于区域搜索,最终实现被复制区域与篡改区域的定位.实验结果表明,该方法对常用的几何变换操作准确率高、误检率低.     

基于几何均值分解的图像区域复制篡改检测方法

针对现有大多数图像区域复制篡改检测算法提取图像块的特征向量维数较高的缺点,提出一种新的基于几何均值分解的检测算法.将可疑图像分成大小相等的可重叠的子块;并对每个图像块进行几何均值分解并用其表征该子块的特征,形成1维的特征向量;最后对所有的特征向量进行字典排序,并结合图像块的相等位移矢量的发生频率信息,检测并定位出篡改区域.实验结果表明,该算法不仅能够有效检测并定位多区域复制篡改区域,而且对高斯模糊、对比度调整、曝光度调整的后处理操作具有较强的鲁棒性,并且有效地降低了特征向量的维数,提高了检测效率.     

基于LBP的图像区域复制篡改检测

研究尺度不变特征变换(SIFT)和旋转不变局部二值模式(LBP)相结合的特征匹配方法,提出一种基于LBP的图像区域复制-粘贴篡改检测算法。利用SIFT关键点检测方法检测图像中的所有关键点,计算以关键点为中心的周围图像区域的LBP特征,并将其作为关键点的特征描述,采用特征向量的欧式距离进行关键点匹配。实验结果表明,该算法在抗旋转、亮度变化处理和效率方面均优于基于主成分分析的检测算法。?     

基于点匹配的区域拷贝篡改检测

图像区域拷贝是一种常见的数字图像篡改技术,目前的大部分数字图像区域拷贝取证技术未考虑旋转和缩放因素。提出一种新的基于点匹配的图像区域篡改检测算法。首先利用尺度不变旋转变换(SIFT)寻找图像中的关键点,使用主成分分析法(PCA)对关键点进行降维描述,然后利用关键点特征向量的相似度寻找关键相似点。实验表明,该算法不但能够较精确地定位出复制和粘贴的图像伪造区域,还能有效抵抗噪声污染、有损压缩以及旋转等攻击,并有效地减少运算量,提高了检测效率。     

图像区域复制篡改快速鲁棒取证

图像区域复制篡改就是将数字图像中一部分区域进行复制并粘贴到同一幅图像的另外一个区域, 是一种简单而又常见的图像篡改技术. 现有的算法大多对区域复制后处理的鲁棒性比较差, 并且时间复杂度高. 本文针对该篡改技术, 提出一种有效快速的检测与定位篡改区域算法. 该算法首先将图像进行高斯金字塔分解, 将低频图像进行块分解, 提取每块的Hu矩不变特征, 并将特征向量排序, 然后为每个特征向量搜索符合阈值的相似特征向量; 最后利用区域面积阈值去除错误的相似块, 并结合数学形态学定位篡改区域. 实验结果表明该算法不仅能有效地对抗如高斯白噪声、高斯模糊以及JPEG压缩这些后处理操作, 而且减少了块总数, 缩小了块匹配搜索空间, 提高了运算效率.     

鲁棒的区域复制图像篡改检测技术

区域复制把数字图像中一部分区域进行复制并粘贴到同一幅图像的另一个区域中,以达到去除图像中某一重要内容的目的,是一种简单而有效的图像篡改技术.现有检测算法对区域复制后处理的鲁棒性较差.文中针对此篡改技术,提出了一种有效的检测与定位篡改区域算法.该算法首先将图像分解为小块并比较各小块间的相似性,最后利用"主转移向量"方法去除错误的相似块对得到篡改的区域.实验数据说明该算法能有效地对抗多种区域复制的后处理操作,包括高斯模糊、加性白高斯噪声、JPEG压缩及它们的混合操作.     

基于投影数据主成分分析的图像篡改检测算法

传统算法处理图像复制-粘贴型篡改问题时速度较慢。为此,提出一种基于投影数据主成分分析(PCA)的图像篡改检测算法。利用分块图像的行、列投影构建图像块投影特征矩阵,通过PCA对其降维,并使用字典排序法进行排序,结合图像块偏移置信距离判断图像复制-粘贴区域,完成被动取证。实验结果表明,该算法能准确找出篡改区域,与Posucue算法相比速度较快。     

同幅数字图像中Copy-Move型篡改的盲检测

为了快速有效地检测复制-粘贴(Copy-Move)图像篡改,提出了一种基于重叠块统计值的Copy-Move型篡改图像盲认证方式.该算法先将图像进行一次离散小波变换(Discrete wavelet transform,DWT)并取其低频部分分解为重叠块,接着统计各重叠块的7个统计值并计算重叠块间的相似性找出相似块,最后返回原篡改图像找出篡改部分.仿真结果表明,该方法能快速有效地检测出篡改部分经过JPEG有损压缩、高斯白噪声污染和这两者结合的篡改图像.     

基于半色调技术的印前图像篡改检测方法

本文印前图像特指图像数字排版经编辑确认后的数字印刷样张,其以栅格处理器分色后的加网二进制形式存储.数字样张一经确认,其来源的合法性便不受怀疑.但是,从印刷的整体流程来看,数字样张的存储、传输过程中仍有较大的篡改风险.现有的复制移动篡改检测算法存在特征维度高、计算开销大或检测率较低等问题,而且不适用于分色后的二进制样张.本文提出了一种基于半色调图像网点密度特征的Copy-Move篡改检测方法,该方法针对分色处理后的CMYK目标图像的二值量化处理,采用滑动分块的方法对目标图像进行分块,通过提取图像块CMYK四个通道的局部网点密度特征对图像块进行篡改检测.实验结果表明,该方法在图像篡改检测上较以往方法相比具有较低的时间复杂度和较高的检测率,并且对图像篡改区域的旋转攻击、小尺度缩放攻击等具有较好的鲁棒性.     

A passive authentication scheme for copy-move forgery based on package clustering algorithm

Copy-move forgery as one of popular methods is widely used to tamper digital images. Passive authentication is extensively used to detect the copy-move forgery images. This paper proposes a passive authentication scheme for copy-move forgery based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the package clustering algorithm. The copy regions and paste regions can be automatically detected in doctored digital images. This scheme works by first applying the DCT to small fixed image blocks to obtain their features and the size of feature vectors are reduced. Moreover, the package clustering algorithm is applied to replace the general lexicographic order technologies to improve the detection precision. The similar blocks can be found by comparing the feature vectors in each package. The experimental results represent that the proposed scheme can locate irregular and meaningful tampered regions and multiply duplicated regions in a suspicious image. The duplicated regions can also be located in digital images that are distorted by adding white Gaussian noise, Gaussian blurring and their mixed operations.     

State of the art in passive digital image forgery detection: copy-move image forgery

Authenticating digital images is increasingly becoming important because digital images carry important information and due to their use in different areas such as courts of law as essential pieces of evidence. Nowadays, authenticating digital images is difficult because manipulating them has become easy as a result of powerful image processing software and human knowledge. The importance and relevance of digital image forensics has attracted various researchers to establish different techniques for detection in image forensics. The core category of image forensics is passive image forgery detection. One of the most important passive forgeries that affect the originality of the image is copy-move digital image forgery, which involves copying one part of the image onto another area of the same image. Various methods have been proposed to detect copy-move forgery that uses different types of transformations. The goal of this paper is to determine which copy-move forgery detection methods are best for different image attributes such as JPEG compression, scaling, rotation. The advantages and drawbacks of each method are also highlighted. Thus, the current state-of-the-art image forgery detection techniques are discussed along with their advantages and drawbacks.     

采用圆谐-傅里叶矩的图像区域复制粘贴篡改检测

现有检测方法大多对图像区域复制粘贴篡改的后处理操作鲁棒性不高.针对这种篡改技术,提出一种新的基于圆谐-傅里叶矩的区域篡改检测算法.首先将图像分为重叠的小块;然后提取每个图像块的圆谐-傅里叶矩作为特征向量并对其进行排序;最后根据阈值确定相似块,利用位移矢量阈值去除错误相似块以定位篡改区域.实验结果表明,该算法能有效抵抗噪声、高斯模糊、旋转等图像后处理操作,且与基于HU矩的方法相比有更好的检测结果.     

采用量化离散余弦变换系数检测视频单帧连续多次复制粘贴篡改

目前大多数时域视频帧复制粘贴篡改检测算法都是针对至少20帧以上的视频子序列的复制粘贴篡改,而对单帧复制粘贴篡改无法判断。而根据人眼视觉感知的特性,修改视频内容需要至少15帧以上的帧操作,因此篡改帧想通过单帧复制粘贴篡改来达到想要的效果,必须进行连续多次粘贴操作。为了检测这种篡改方式,针对性地提出了一种基于量化离散余弦变换(DCT)系数的视频单帧连续多次复制-粘贴篡改检测算法。首先,将视频转换为图像,采用量化后的DCT系数作为视频帧图像特征向量,并通过计算巴氏(Bhattacharyya)系数来衡量两相邻帧帧间相似度;再设定阈值来判断两相邻帧帧间相似度是否有异常,最后根据出现相似度异常的帧是否连续,以及连续出现的帧数来判断视频是否经过篡改,并定位篡改位置。实验结果表明,所提算法对不同场景的视频都能检测,不仅检测速度快,而且不受再压缩因素影响,算法的正确率高、漏检率低。     

一种基于自适应闭值的图像伪造检测算法

图像伪造检测是数字取证领域一个发展迅速的研究方向。复制一移动是最常见的图像伪造方式之一,其目的是通过隐藏或克隆对象来创建新的图像内容场景。复制一移动伪造检测的主要依据是图像中存在较大面积的相同或非常相似的区域对。针对以往检测方法对图像中存在同质纹理或均匀区域检测困难以及相关参数阂值选择不确定等现状,提出一种基于自适应阂值的图像复制一移动伪造检测算法,该算法不但使相关阂值的选择和估计更合理,而且能够自动识别和定位伪造区域。通过在包含同质或均匀区域的彩色伪造图像中的实验,进一步验证了本算法的有效性。     

A new keypoint-based copy-move forgery detection for small smooth regions

Copy-move forgery is one of the most common types of image forgeries, where a region from one part of an image is copied and pasted onto another part, thereby concealing the image content in the latter region. Keypoint based copy-move forgery detection approaches extract image feature points and use local visual features, rather than image blocks, to identify duplicated regions. Keypoint based approaches exhibit remarkable performance with respect to computational cost, memory requirement, and robustness. But unfortunately, they usually do not work well if smooth background areas are used to hide small objects, as image keypoints cannot be extracted effectively from those areas. It is a challenging work to design a keypoint-based method for detecting forgeries involving small smooth regions. In this paper, we propose a new keypoint-based copy-move forgery detection for small smooth regions. Firstly, the original tampered image is segmented into nonoverlapping and irregular superpixels, and the superpixels are classified into smooth, texture and strong texture based on local information entropy. Secondly, the stable image keypoints are extracted from each superpixel, including smooth, texture and strong texture ones, by utilizing the superpixel content based adaptive feature points detector. Thirdly, the local visual features, namely exponent moments magnitudes, are constructed for each image keypoint, and the best bin first and reversed generalized 2 nearest-neighbor algorithm are utilized to find rapidly the matching image keypoints. Finally, the falsely matched image keypoints are removed by customizing the random sample consensus, and the duplicated regions are localized by using zero mean normalized cross-correlation measure. Extensive experimental results show that the newly proposed scheme can achieve much better detection results for copy-move forgery images under various challenging conditions, such as geometric transforms, JPEG compression, and additive white Gaussian noise, compared with the existing state-of-the-art copy-move forgery detection methods.     

基于Harris兴趣点和空域均值信息的图像复制粘贴窜改检测算法

提出了一种基于兴趣点检测和特征匹配的图像复制粘贴窜改检测方法。首先采用Harris算子检测图像中的角点作为兴趣点, 然后提取以兴趣点为中心的邻域内空域的五个均值特征形成特征向量, 最后记录相等位移矢量的发生频率并通过阈值化处理得到匹配的兴趣点, 从而标志复制粘贴区域。仿真实验表明, 该算法不仅可以有效检测多区域复制粘贴窜改操作, 而且能够有效抵抗多种窜改后处理操作, 包括加性高斯白噪声, JPEG压缩, 对比度、亮度和曝光度调整以及JPEG压缩和加噪的混合操作。     

Copy-Move Geometric Tampering Estimation Through Enhanced SIFT Detector Method

Digital picture forgery detection has recently become a popular and significant topic in image processing. Due to advancements in image processing and the availability of sophisticated software, picture fabrication may hide evidence and hinder the detection of such criminal cases. The practice of modifying original photographic images to generate a forged image is known as digital image forging. A section of an image is copied and pasted into another part of the same image to hide an item or duplicate particular image elements in copy-move forgery. In order to make the forgeries real and inconspicuous, geometric or post-processing techniques are frequently performed on tampered regions during the tampering process. In Copy-Move forgery detection, the high similarity between the tampered regions and the source regions has become crucial evidence. The most frequent way for detecting copy-move forgeries is to partition the images into overlapping square blocks and utilize Discrete cosine transform (DCT) components as block representations. Due to the high dimensionality of the feature space, Gaussian Radial basis function (RBF) kernel based Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to minimize the dimensionality of the feature vector representation, which improves feature matching efficiency. In this paper, we propose to use a novel enhanced Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) detector method called as RootSIFT, combined with the similarity measures to mark the tampered areas in the image. The proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of matching time complexity, detection reliability, and forgery location accuracy, according to the experimental results. The F1 score of the proposed method is 92.3% while the literature methods are around 90% on an average.     

基于多支持区域局部亮度序的图像伪造检测

图像伪造检测是目前数字图像处理领域中的一个研究热点,其中复制-粘贴是最常用的伪造手段。由于伪造区域在粘贴前会被进行一定的尺度、旋转、JPEG压缩、添加噪声等操作,这使得检测伪造区域具有一定的挑战性。针对图像复制-粘贴伪造技术,提出一种基于多支持区域局部亮度序模式（LIOP）的图像伪造检测算法。首先,利用最大稳定极值区域（MSER）算法提取具有仿射不变性的区域作为支持区域;其次,利用非抽样Contourlet变换得到不同尺度、不同分辨率和不同方向的多个支持区域;然后,在每个支持区域上提取同时具有旋转不变性和单调亮度不变性的LIOP描述子,并利用双向距离比值法实现特征初匹配;接着,采用空间聚类将匹配的特征进行归类,进而用随机抽样一致性（RANSAC）算法对每个归类进行几何变换参数估计;最后,使用必要的后处理等操作来检测出伪造区域。实验表明,提出的算法具有较高的伪造检测精度与可信度。