那曲典型草地植被光谱特征分析

遥感是大尺度生态研究的重要工具之一,而地面植物群落特征与其光谱特征之间的关系是解译遥感影像的关键。地面实测数据由于其高空间分辨率和高光谱分辨率,能够准确反映地物光谱信息,可以用来指导卫星遥感解译工作,同时为遥感监测草地退化、草地模型建立等提供数据支持。选取西藏那曲地区的优势植被类型作为研究对象,利用ASD FieldSpec 3便携式光谱仪测定优势种的冠层光谱并进行比较,并取其中一种优势种测量其在不同覆盖度和不同生长期的光谱反射特点。研究结果表明:①不同植被群落冠层光谱具有特殊的光谱曲线,可见光波段光谱反射率依次是紫花针茅、小嵩草和藏北嵩草,近红外波段光谱反射率则依次是小嵩草、藏北嵩草和紫花针茅;红边位置可以识别藏北嵩草,但是不能区分小嵩草和紫花针茅;②不同覆盖度的小嵩草红边、“绿峰”位置不随覆盖度的变化而发生变化;连续统去除后得到吸收深度随覆盖度的增加而变大,吸收峰面积随覆盖度的增加而增加;③小嵩草衰退期内,在可见光波段和红边波段,冠层光谱反射率随着叶绿素含量的减少而下降,出现“红边蓝移,绿峰下降”的现象。     

基于不同植被指数的重庆地区物候参数提取对比研究

基于不同植被指数提取物候参数是分析长时间物候变化的重要基础。以多云雾的重庆地区为例，使用2010～2019年MODIS NDVI/EVI/EVI2共3种长时序的植被指数数据，通过D-L滤波方法分析了不同植被指数特征；并使用动态阈值法和趋势分析法，对比研究了基于3种植被指数提取的物候参数结果及其随不同地形因子的分异规律，结果如下：(1)EVI和EVI2的时间序列拟合曲线比NDVI的拟合曲线更加平滑，3种植被指数原始值与拟合值的差值主要分布为NDVI(0.05～0.18)、EVI(0.03～0.11)、EVI2(0.03～0.1)。(2)基于3种植被指数提取的物候参数在空间分布和变化趋势上呈现一致性，其中EVI和EVI2提取的植被指数参数皆相近，相差5d之内占比79%以上，SOSEVI2变化显著性区域所占比面积最高（16.36%）,SOSNDVI最低为12.37%。(3)SOS随海拔升高而推迟，EOS随海拔升高先延后再提前，LOS随海拔升高先延长后缩短，且EOSNDVI、LOSNDVI随着海拔增加分别与EOSEVI/EOSEVI2、LOSEVI/LOSEVI2差异增大，不同植被类型上，EV...     

水稻冠层光谱特征及其与LAI的关系研究

氮素营养是影响作物生长与产量的最主要限制因子之一。准确及时地监测或诊断出作物氮素营养状况,对提高氮素利用效率和作物管理水平、减少过度施氮造成的环境污染具有重要意义。本研究在不同施氮水平处理的水稻试验小区,对水稻整个生长期内冠层反射光谱进行了较系统、密集的测定,同时测定了几个重要生育期水稻的叶面积指数。研究结果表明:随着施氮量的增加,水稻冠层光谱在各生育期间呈现出一定的规律性,在近红外部分(710～1 220 nm),冠层光谱反射率随着施氮水平的提高而升高,而在可见光部分(460～680 nm),水稻冠层的光谱反射率反而逐渐降低。经冠层光谱差异显著性检验发现:水稻灌浆期以前,对施氮水平最为敏感的波段是绿光(560～610 nm)和近红外(710～760 nm)部分;转换为归一化植被指数(NDVI)以后,差异最显著的是(R760-R560)/(R760+R560)。不同氮肥处理的水稻LAI随时间变化曲线大致都呈抛物线型,中低水平施氮肥水稻LAI随时间的变化曲线比较平缓,而高水平施氮肥LAI曲线则变化比较剧烈。冠层光谱反射与叶面积的相关分析结果表明:在水稻抽穗前,叶面积与冠层光谱反射率相关性较差;而抽穗后,叶面积与冠层光谱有较高的相关性。     

新疆阜康县草地资源产量动态监测模型的研究

利用ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＨＲ数据和地面实测产量值，分析、模拟了鲜草重量和植被指数之间的数理关系，并对草地产量进行了模拟预报。结果表明，采用两种植被指数和七种经验公式所选出的最优预报模型，在地势比较平坦，草地类型变化不大的地区，可以较准确地反映草地产量的变化；但在地形复杂、草地类型变化较大的地区，模型稳定性变差，不适合于草地产量的预报。     

南京冬季典型植被光谱特征分析

利用FieldSpec4便携式地物光谱仪和ASD积分球,于2014年7月和12月对研究区6种典型植被进行光谱数据采集与处理,分析植被冠层和落叶的光谱特征及其变化规律,同时分析坡度因素、测量方法对植被光谱反射率的影响。结果表明:不同季节常绿植被光谱存在差异,不同植被光谱反射率的季节变化也不同。冬季常绿植被具有相似的光谱特征,但是不同植被类型之间也存在明显的差异。冬季植被冠层光谱呈现出先降低后稳定的特点;植被落叶层光谱由于受叶片色素、含水量、土壤背景等因素的影响,在衰老腐化的过程中并未出现明显的规律性变化。一定坡度范围内,植被光谱反射率随坡度的增大而升高。不同的测量方法获取的植被光谱反射率不同,但是光谱变化规律相同。     

高光谱遥感特征参数与棉花产量及其构成因子的关系研究

通过大田和室内实验,测定了2个品种、4种梯度水、肥处理的棉花产量形成的关键时期--盛花期至吐絮期的冠层光谱反射率和产量及构成因素,对高光谱特征参数与产量构成因素进行相关统计分析.结果表明,棉花产量与抗大气植被指数VARI_700的相关性为0.9564;棉花产量构成因素中的单位面积总铃数、单铃重与棉花冠层光谱反射率之间相关性达到极显著水平;建立光谱特征参数与产量构成因子的回归方程,表明运用抗大气植被指数VARI_700和光谱曲线反射峰参数P_Depth554来反演单位面积总铃数是可行的,用光谱植被指数[820nm,1650nm]可估算棉花单铃重.     

基于季相变化特征的撂荒地遥感提取方法研究

在我国西南地区耕种条件差,地块比较破碎,地块类型比较复杂,中低分辨率遥感数据难以满足撂荒地提取的需要。选取贵州修文县为试验区,基于高分辨率卫星遥感数据（哨兵2号）,探索单期或多期影像在中国西南地区的撂荒地检测能力,构建撂荒地遥感监测方法,为今后我国西南地区撂荒地统计调查提供参考。结合野外调查数据,在划分不同撂荒地类型基础上,综合遥感影像的光谱特征、植被指数特征以及多时相植被指数变化特征分析,优选不同类别撂荒地遥感提取敏感特征集,利用CART决策树分类方法,提取不同类型的撂荒地。结果表明：①单个时相对不同类型的撂荒地识别能力差异显著,基于单时相影像,难以开展撂荒地高精度遥感监测提取;②不同时相的植被指数变化特征对撂荒地的识别能力较强,其中比值植被指数优于差值植被指数和归一化植被指数;③以贵州修文县为例,开展了撂荒地空间分布制图及撂荒面积统计分析,修文县撂荒地面积约为6 460 hm²,占修文县耕地面积的13%;④基于多时相高分辨遥感数据,通过季相变化特征构建的撂荒地检测方法,能够满足我国西南地区撂荒地高精度遥感监测提取,为大范围撂荒地遥感调查和制图提供技术参考。     

植被指数与退耕还林( 草) 初期的遥感监测应用

探讨了植被指数的几种主要形式( IDV 、NDVI、Tasseled Cap Greenness) 及其在退耕还林( 草) 初期( 2000～2002 年) 效能监测中的应用。运用遥感数据处理、GIS( ARC/ INFO) AML 编程统计出青藏-黄土高原结合部复杂地形条件下退耕还林( 草) 各类型地块的3 期平均植被指数, 及两年间相应的植被指数变化, 对比分析了各类型植被指数与其它属性数据间的关系, 发现7～9 月份积温和湿润度条件对植被指数的影响主要表现为累积效应。研究认为, 通过更详实的地表植被状态的适时调查, 建立并应用遥感成像前期地表水热因子与各类型的植被指数向量之间的映照关系, 上述方法将有更实际的意义。     

冬小麦遥感估产的灰色理论方法探讨

本文首次将我国近年来发展起来的灰色系统理论应用于冬小麦遥感估产中，克服了以往因原始资料系列不够大、分布不典型而影响预报结果的缺点。文章还认为，影响冬小麦产量的因素，‘都是通过光合作用这一窗口对其产生影响的，用能反映冬小麦光合作用强度的归一化植被指数和比值植被指数与冬小麦亩产量建立起灰色预报方程、从而在小麦不同生育期用不同的预报方程来进行产量预报。     

退牧还草工程项目遥感分析与效益评价——以四川省阿坝县为例

根据对卫星遥感影像的判读解译,探讨了利用3S技术（遥感（RS）、全球定位系统（GPS）、地理信息系统（GIS）技术）监测四川省阿坝县的退牧还草工程现状。通过陆地卫星TM遥感影像数据和同期野外调查数据,分析了植被指数与草地植被生物量之间的相关关系,建立了不同植被指数与草地生物量之间的一元线性回归模型和非线性回归模型。结果表明,利用遥感卫星的植被指数可以较好反映牧草植被群落变化和不同草原类型的牧草产草量差异。在全年放牧草地中,地上总生物量、植被总覆盖度、植被平均高度等指标均低于围栏内的草地。因此,利用“3S”技术可以对全县草原地上生物量进行遥感估测并对草原基况做出评价,客观反映退牧还草工程实施后效果。同时,为推动高空间分辨率卫星影像在我国草业和生态环境建设中的应用打下了坚实基础。     

Influence of rock-soil spectral variation on the assessment of green biomass

Vegetation indices can be adversely influenced by variation in rock and soil spectral characteristics. When rocks and soils yield different vegetation index values, this is misinterpreted as changes in green biomass. This spectral influence is present to some extent in all vegetation indices. Secondly, variations in rock-soil brightness have a strong influence on ratio-based vegetation indices. Variations in rock-soil brightness have the same effect on all ratio-based vegetation indices: Vegetation is overestimated on dark backgrounds relative to bright backgrounds. Overall, it is concluded that the perpendicular vegetation index is the best available vegetation index to use in multispectral imagery of arid and semiarid regions where there is wide variation in rock and soil spectral characteristics.     

Hyperspectral remote sensing for estimating aboveground biomass and for exploring species richness patterns of grassland habitats

Dry grassland sites are amongst the most species-rich habitats of central Europe and it is necessary to design effective management schemes for monitoring of their biomass production. This study explored the potential of hyperspectral remote sensing for mapping aboveground biomass in grassland habitats along a dry-mesic gradient, independent of a specific type or phenological period. Statistical models were developed between biomass samples and spectral reflectance collected with a field spectroradiometer, and it was further investigated to what degree the calibrated biomass models could be scaled to Hyperion data. Furthermore, biomass prediction was used as a surrogate for productivity for grassland habitats and the relationship between biomass and plant species richness was explored. Grassland samples were collected at four time steps during the growing season to capture normally occurring variation due to canopy growth stage and management factors. The relationships were investigated between biomass and (1) existing broad- and narrowband vegetation indices, (2) narrowband normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) type indices, and (3) multiple linear regression (MLR) with individual spectral bands. Best models were obtained from the MLR and narrowband NDVI-type indices. Spectral regions related to plant water content were identified as the best estimators of biomass. Models calibrated with narrowband NDVI indices were best for up-scaling the field-developed models to the Hyperion scene. Furthermore, promising results were obtained from linking biomass estimations from the Hyperion scene with plant species richness of grassland habitats. Overall, it is concluded that ratio-based NDVI-type indices are less prone to scaling errors and thus offer higher potential for mapping grassland biomass using hyperspectral data from space-borne sensors.     

Seasonal landscape and spectral vegetation index dynamics in the Brazilian Cerrado: An analysis within the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazônia (LBA)

The Brazilian Cerrado biome comprises a vertically structured mosaic of grassland, shrubland, and woodland physiognomies with distinct phenology patterns. In this study, we investigated the utility of spectral vegetation indices in differentiating these physiognomies and in monitoring their seasonal dynamics. We obtained high spectral resolution reflectances, during the 2000 wet and dry seasons, over the major Cerrado types at Brasilia National Park (BNP) using the light aircraft-based Modland Quick Airborne Looks (MQUALS) package, consisting of a spectroradiometer and digital camera. Site-intensive biophysical and canopy structural measurements were made simultaneously at each of the Cerrado types including Cerrado grassland, shrub Cerrado, wooded Cerrado, Cerrado woodland, and gallery forest. We analyzed the spectral reflectance signatures, their first derivative analogs, and convolved spectral vegetation indices (VI) over all the Cerrado physiognomies. The high spectral resolution data were convolved to the MODIS, AVHRR, and ETM⁺ bandpasses and converted to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) to simulate their respective sensors. Dry and wet season comparisons of the measured biophysical attributes were made with the reflectance and VI data for the different Cerrado physiognomies. We found that three major domains of Cerrado could be distinguished with the dry and wet season spectral signatures and vegetation indices. The EVI showed a higher sensitivity to seasonality than the NDVI; however, both indices displayed seasonal variations that were approximately one-half that found with the measured landscape green cover dynamics. Inter-sensor comparisons of seasonal dynamics, based on spectral bandpass properties, revealed the ETM⁺-simulated VIs had the best seasonal discrimination capability, followed by MODIS and AVHRR. Differences between sensor bandpass-derived VI values, however, varied with Cerrado type and between dry and wet seasons, indicating the need for inter-sensor VI translation equations for effective multi-sensor applications.     

Relationships between percent vegetation cover and vegetation indices

In this paper, percent vegetation cover is estimated from vegetation indices using simulated Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data derived from in situ spectral reflectance data. Spectral reflectance measurements were conducted on grasslands in Mongolia and Japan. Vegetation indices such as the normalized difference, soil-adjusted, modified soil-adjusted and transformed soil-adjusted vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI, MSAVI and TSAVI) were calculated from the spectral reflectance of various vegetation covers. Percent vegetation cover was estimated using pixel values of red, green and blue bands of digitized colour photographs. Relationships between various vegetation indices and percent vegetation cover were compared using a second-order polynomial regression. TSAVI and NDVI gave the best estimates of vegetation cover for a wide range of grass densities.     

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Proximal and remote sensing measurements were used to calculate different vegetation indices that were applied as predictors of gross primary production (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (TER), net ecosystem production (NEP) and leaf area index (LAI). Reflectance data and carbon fluxes were collected during the 2005 growing season at a mountain grassland site in the Italian Alps. Significant relationships were found between GPP, TER, NEP, LAI and the most commonly used spectral vegetation indices, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Green‐NDVI. Saturation of the spectral indices was evident in the estimation of both biophysical and ecophysiological parameters. Among the different indices, Green‐NDVI was less affected by saturation on both a spatial and a temporal basis. Therefore, the use of an additional green‐band sensor for spectral measurements at eddy covariance grassland sites is recommended. Concerning the bandwidth for the calculation of the indices, the highest predictive capacities among the sensor simulations included in the analysis were those of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the high‐resolution hyperspectral instrument Hyperion, indicating the advantage of narrow bands for the prediction of plant parameters. Further analyses are, however, required to investigate the relationships between NEP, GPP and vegetation indices retrieved from satellite platforms, using the bands available on MODIS and Hyperion sensors.     

Quantifying livestock effects on bunchgrass vegetation with Landsat ETM+ data across a single growing season

Grassland systems provide important habitat for native biodiversity and forage for livestock, with livestock grazing playing an important role influencing sustainable ecosystem function. Traditional field techniques to monitor the effects of grazing on vegetation are costly and limited to small spatial scales. Remote sensing has the potential to provide quantitative and repeatable monitoring data across large spatial and temporal scales for more informed grazing management. To investigate the ability of vegetation metrics derived from remotely sensed imagery to detect the effect of cattle grazing on bunchgrass grassland vegetation across a growing season, we sampled 32 sites across four prescribed stocking rates on a section of Pacific Northwest bunchgrass prairie in northeastern Oregon. We collected vegetation data on vertical structure, biomass, and cover at three different time periods: June, August, and October 2012 to understand the potential to measure vegetation at different phenological stages across a growing season. We acquired remotely sensed Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data closest in date to three field sampling bouts. We correlated the field vegetation metrics to Landsat spectral bands, 14 commonly used vegetation indices, and the tasselled cap wetness, brightness, and greenness transformations. To increase the explanatory value of the satellite-derived data, full, stepwise, and best-subset multiple regression models were fit to each of the vegetation metrics at the three different times of the year. Predicted vegetation metrics were then mapped across the study area. Field-based results indicated that as the stocking rate increased, the mean vegetation amounts of vertical structure, cover, and biomass decreased. The multiple regression models using common vegetation indices had the ability to discern different levels of grazing across the study area, but different spectral indices proved to be the best predictors of vegetation metrics for differing phenological windows. Field measures of vegetation cover yielded the highest correlations to remotely sensed data across all sampling periods. Our results from this analysis can be used to improve grassland monitoring by providing multiple measures of vegetation amounts across a growing season that better align with land management decision making.     

Monitoring northern mixed prairie health using broadband satellite imagery

The mixed prairie in Canada is characterized by its low to medium green vegetation cover, high amount of non‐photosynthetic materials, and ground level biological crust. It has proven to be a challenge for the application of remotely sensed data in extracting biophysical variables for the purpose of monitoring grassland health. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of broadband‐based reflectance and vegetation indices in extracting ground canopy information. The study area was Grasslands National Park (GNP) Canada and the surrounding pastures, which represent the northern mixed prairie. Fieldwork was conducted from late June to early July 2005. Biophysical variables—canopy height, cover, biomass, and species composition—were collected for 31 sites. Two satellite images, one SPOT 4 image on 22 June 2005, and one Landsat 5 TM image on 14 July 2005, were collected for the corresponding time period. Results show that the spectral curve of the grass canopy was similar to that of the bare soil with lower reflectance at each band. Consequently, commonly used vegetation indices were not necessarily better than reflectance when it comes to single wavelength regions at extracting biophysical information. Reflectance, NDVI, ATSAVI, and two new coined cover indices were good at extracting biophysical information.     

基于无人机影像可见光植被指数的若尔盖草地地上生物量估算研究

地上生物量是衡量草地长势及生态系统服务功能的重要参数,对于草地生态系统碳收支、资源可持续开发等研究具有重要意义。研究基于若尔盖高原典型样带的无人机可见光影像和地面实测样本,建立生物量与多种可见光植被指数的指数回归模型,对比不同植被指数模型的生物量估算精度的差异。结果表明:可见光植被指数能够有效区分草地和其他覆盖类型,生物量与植被指数具有较好的相关关系。但基于不同波段建立的植被指数对生物量的估算精度存在差异,其中利用红、绿波段建立的植被指数NGRDI模型对生物量具有最高的模拟精度(R~2=0.856)和预测精度(验证样本ABE=94g/m~2,RMSE=124g/m~2)。研究获取了高空间分辨率的草地地上生物量,相关成果可为若尔盖高原碳收支、卫星遥感产品真实性检验、生态模型、资源可持续利用等研究提供方法与数据支撑。     

New spectral vegetation indices based on the near-infrared shoulder wavelengths for remote detection of grassland phytomass

This article examines the possibility of exploiting ground reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) for monitoring grassland phytomass on a temporal basis. Three new spectral vegetation indices (infrared slope index, ISI; normalized infrared difference index, NIDI; and normalized difference structural index, NDSI), which are based on the reflectance values in the H25 (863–881 nm) and the H18 (745–751 nm) Chris Proba (mode 5) bands, are proposed. Ground measurements of hyperspectral reflectance and phytomass were made at six grassland sites in the Italian and Austrian mountains using a hand-held spectroradiometer. At full canopy cover, strong saturation was observed for many traditional vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified simple ratio (MSR), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), enhanced vegetation index 2 (EVI 2), renormalized difference vegetation index (RDVI), wide dynamic range vegetation index (WDRVI)). Conversely, ISI and NDSI were linearly related to grassland phytomass with negligible inter-annual variability. The relationships between both ISI and NDSI and phytomass were however site specific. The WinSail model indicated that this was mostly due to grassland species composition and background reflectance. Further studies are needed to confirm the usefulness of these indices (e.g. using multispectral specific sensors) for monitoring vegetation structural biophysical variables in other ecosystem types and to test these relationships with aircraft and satellite sensors data. For grassland ecosystems, we conclude that ISI and NDSI hold great promise for non-destructively monitoring the temporal variability of grassland phytomass.