Design and performance analysis of an inductive QoS routing algorithm

Routing mechanism is key to the success of large-scale, distributed communication and heterogeneous networks. Consequently, computing constrained shortest paths is fundamental to some important network functions such as QoS routing and traffic engineering. The problem of QoS routing with multiple additive constraints is known to be NP-complete but researchers have been designing heuristics and approximation algorithms for multi-constrained paths algorithms to propose pseudo-polynomial time algorithms. This paper introduces a polynomial time approximation quality of service (QoS) routing algorithm and constructs dynamic state-dependent routing policies. The proposed algorithm uses an inductive approach based on trial/error paradigm combined with swarm adaptive approaches to optimize lexicographically various QoS criteria. The originality of our approach is based on the fact that our system is capable to take into account the dynamics of the network where no model of the network dynamics is assumed initially. Our approach samples, estimates, and builds the model of pertinent aspects of the environment which is very important in heterogeneous networks. The algorithm uses a model that combines both a stochastic planned pre-navigation for the exploration phase and a deterministic approach for the backward phase. Multiple paths are searched in parallel to find the K best qualified ones. To improve the overall network performance, a load adaptive balancing policy is defined and depends on a dynamic traffic path probability distribution function. We conducted a performance analysis of the proposed QoS routing algorithm using OPNET based on a platform simulated network. The obtained results demonstrate substantial performance improvements as well as the benefits of learning approaches over networks with dynamically changing traffic.     

基于业务流偏好的多QoS目标决策分层路由研究

以移动自组织网络分层路由中网关与网关间多路径优选问题为研究背景,研究了满足业务流特定QoS需求的保障方法,体现了"按需服务"的思想.给出了业务流QoS需求偏好的表示、转化及其计算的策略和方法,并扩展了GPSR路由算法,提出了基于业务流偏好的多QoS目标决策分层路由TMQODR算法,使其具有QoS选路功能,能根据业务流的QoS偏好选择最合适的路径.通过相关性能分析及仿真实验验证了算法的有效性.     

Quality of Service Support in RPL Networks: Standing State and Future Prospects

The development of IP-based Internet of Things (IoT) networks would facilitate more effective end-to-end IP network architectures, but it remains a challenge. Network routing needs to be effectively addressed in the IoT environments of scarce computational and energy resources. Accordingly, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has specified the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL) to provide a bespoke IPv6-based routing framework for IoT networks. However, RPL comes with no Quality of Service (QoS) support which is an essential requirement for many IoT applications. The network research community has introduced a number of research proposals enhancing RPL with different QoS solutions. This paper presents a review of these proposed solutions and aims to establish a firm understanding of recent QoS developments for RPL and possible areas for future IoT routing research. The focus is on comprehending the protocol and networking properties that can affect QoS performance in RPL networks. Consideration is also given to different objective functions developed for addressing varying QoS aspects such as throughput, delay, and packet loss. RPL is also extended in a number of QoS solutions following different approaches at the MAC, network, and application layers. However, there is still a need for further developments to address effective QoS support, particularly for dynamic RPL networks.     

多约束QoS组播路由优化算法研究

不确定网络性能参数下的多约束QoS组播路由优化已成为安全组播领域的一个重要研究课题，也是下一代Internet和高性能网络亟待解决的难题。多约束QoS组播路由优化是NP一完全的多目标优化问题。本文概括了多约束QoS组播路由需求，然后重点讨论多约束QoS组播路由优化的约束树算法和智能算法，最后探讨了多约束QoS组播路由将来的一些主要研究方向。     

QoS based multicast routing algorithms for real time applications

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in providing real-time multimedia services like digital audio and video over packet-switched networks such as Internet and ATM. These services require certain quality of service (QoS) from the network. The routing algorithm should take QoS factor for an application into account while selecting the most suitable route for the application. In this paper, we introduce a new routing metric and use it with two different heuristics to compute the multicast tree for guaranteed QoS applications that need firm end-to-end delay bound. We then compare the performance of our algorithms with the other proposed QoS-based routing algorithms. Simulations were run over a number of random networks to measure the performance of different algorithms. We studied routing algorithms along with resource reservation and admission control to measure the call throughput over a number of random networks. Simulation results show that our algorithms give a much better performance in terms of call throughput over other proposed schemes.     

一种带约束的多目标服务质量路由算法

多约束服务质量(QoS)路由是要求在多个约束条件下计算满足所有独立限制条件的可行路径．将这种NPC问题转化为一种带约束条件的多目标优化问题，根据多目标遗传算法的智能优化原理，提出一种多目标QoS路由算法来产生一组最优非劣路由．理论分析和实验结果表明，使用带约束的多目标遗传算法是解决多约束QoS路由的有效途径，能对提高网络性能起到重要作用．     

智能算法在多约束QoS组播路由优化中的应用

不确定网络性能参数下的多约束QoS组播路由优化已成为安全组播领域的一个重要研究课题,也是下一代Internet和高性能网络亟待解决的难题.多约束QoS组播路由优化是NP-完全的多目标优化问题.概括了多约束QoS组播路由需求,然后重点讨论多约束QoS组播路由优化的智能算法,最后探讨了多约束QoS组播路由将来的主要研究方向.     

多QoS约束的层次多播路由算法框架

为了解决网络路由的扩展性问题。大型网络通常被划分成若干个不同的域。拓扑聚集是对这些域的拓扑状态信息进行汇总的过程。在拓扑聚集的基础上，QoS层次多播路由算法用来构造满足QoS要求的域闻多播树。现有的QoS层次多播路由算法在其拓扑聚集和路径计算的过程中都只考虑了存在两个QoS特征值的情况。本文提出了一种具有多QoS约束的层次多播路由算法框架HMRMQ（Hierarchical Multicast Routing with Multiple QoS constraints），此算法框架不仅为基于多QoS特征值的拓扑状态聚集和状态信息表示提供了新的方法，而且提出了一种适应于多QoS约束的层次多播路由新算法。我们提出的状态信息表示法和拓扑聚集算法都具有很好的扩展性，分布式的路由算法也便于某些安全性策略的实施。理论分析和实验结果不仅证明了HMRMQ的正确性和有效性，同时也表明了HMRMQ在网络路由的扩展性、路由成功率、网络代价以及报文负载等方面都具有良好的性能。     

基于MPLS的虚拟专用网流量工程研究

基于MPLS的VPN是当前最具发展潜力的组网技术，它为开发IP增值业务等提供了良好的技术基础，使MPLS VPN具有安全性、可扩展性，并提供了IP QoS支持。文章介绍了MPLS VPN组网，针对流量工程基于约束路由这一方面，通过改进约束条件，改善了MPLS VPN的传输性能。     

域内QoS控制研究

针对目前在实际的IP网络中部署QoS面临的技术和政策等各方面的困难,本文在DiffServ的服务框架下,提出了一种分层的QoS实现机制,即将全网的QoS控制分为域间的QoS控制和域内的QoS控制.域内的QoS以Internet上的自治系统为一个相对独立的QoS"域"(如某个ISP、政府或学校的网络)来实现QoS控制,以满足QoS的增量部署要求,以及保持QoS机制的可扩展性(适应网络规模的变化)和技术进化要求.本文着重考虑了在域内实现基于带宽代理的QoS体系结构,这种体系结构综合考虑了QoS路由、接纳控制、网络政策管理等因素,因此能实现良好的QoS保证并在网络域内部实现整体优化.     

基于QoS多播路由技术研究

随着Internet、移动网络和高性能网络的不断发展,在网络和不确定参数下具有QoS多播路由优化技术已成为网络及分布式系统领域的一个重要研究课题,这也是下一代Internet和高性能网络的难题。它吸引了许多爱好者。该文重点论述QoS多播路由需求,并简要阐明当前最新多目标优化问题的方法。定义了QoS多播路由作为多目标优化问题(即路由问题的网络模型)以及它是NP-复杂性问题。然后,重点讨论QoS多播路由的解决方法,包括约束多播树、多目标优化、计算智能和人工智能等。最后,文章建议一个约束多播路由结构和讨论一些将来的研究展望。     

基于遗传算法的实时QoS多播路由优化算法

讨论了多QoS约束的多播路由问题，描述了一种适应于研究实时QoS多播路由的网络模型和优化函数。提出一种基于遗传算法中的小生境技术的QoS多播树选择算法，同时优化了多QoS参数。仿真结果表明该算法收敛速度快、可靠性高，能够满足多媒体网络对实时性的要求。     

基于线性函数的QoS路由预计算算法

多度量的服务质量路由(QoSR)作为下一代互联网的一个重要难题，具有NPC的复杂度．作者设计了启发式算法(LFP)使用线性函数将两个度量转化成单一函数值，进而通过多个不同线性函数实现了与服务质量请求无关的QoSR预计算方式．文章分析了线性函数对算法性能的影响，给出了服务质量约束的可行区域和不可行区域的线性函数判定方法．实验结果表明，算法使用少量均匀分布的线性函数，即可产生具有较高路由性能的QoSR路由表，在可扩展性和路由性能等方面均明显优于现有算法。     

Traffic Engineered Multicast Content Delivery Without MPLS Overlay

Multicast traffic engineering (TE) has recently attracted significant attention given the emergence of point-to-multipoint multimedia content delivery over the Internet. Existing multicast resource provisioning solutions tend to use explicit-routing based TE with multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) tunnels. In this paper, we shift away from this overlay approach and address native IP multicast traffic engineering based on link state routing protocols. The objective is that, through plain protocol independent multicast-sparse mode (PIM-SM) shortest path routing with optimized multitopology IGP (MT-IGP) link weights, the resulting multicast trees are geared towards minimal consumption of bandwidth resources. We apply genetic algorithms (GA) to the calculation of optimized MT-IGP link weights that specifically cater for engineered PIM-SM routing with statistical bandwidth guarantees in multimedia content delivery. Our evaluation results show that GA-based multicast traffic engineering consumes significantly less bandwidth in comparison to conventional IP approaches while also exhibiting higher service availability     

移动自组网QoS路由的DNA计算模型

QoS路由问题是移动自组网应用面临的一个重要问题,其中如何根据移动自组网动态拓扑结构和单向链路的特点来设计路由算法是关键。DNA计算是一种基于生化反应的新型计算方法,高度的并行性和海量存储能力是其最大的特点。文章首先给出了QoS路由问题模型,然后介绍了DNA的分子结构和DNA计算的基本原理,最后依据Adleman进行DNA计算的编码方法,给出了移动自组网QoS路由问题的DNA计算模型,为解决多约束QoS路由问题提供了一种新的思路。     

基于QoS约束的多播路由研究

该文给出了多播路由的定义和多播树的分类,描述了一种适用于研究QoS多播路由的网络模型,对多播路由算法进行了分类,介绍了典型的基于QoS约束的多播路由协议和算法,对每个算法的性能特性和适应范围进行了客观的评价,提供了QoS多播路由算法复杂度的比较,对QoS多播路由技术的进一步研究进行了展望。     

Ant-based routing for wireless multimedia sensor networks using multiple QoS metrics

In wireless sensor networks, most routing protocols consider energy savings as the main objective and assume data traffic with unconstrained delivery requirements to be a given. However, the introduction of video and imaging sensors unveils additional challenges. The transmission of video and imaging data requires both energy efficiency and QoS assurance (end-to-end delay and packet loss requirements), in order to ensure the efficient use of sensor resources as well as the integrity of the information collected. This paper presents a QoS routing model for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN). Moreover, based on the traditional ant-based algorithm, an ant-based multi-QoS routing metric (AntSensNet) is proposed. The AntSensNet protocol builds a hierarchical structure on the network before choosing suitable paths to meet various QoS requirements from different kinds of traffic, thus maximizing network utilization, while improving its performance. In addition, AntSensNet is able to use a efficient multi-path video packet scheduling in order to get minimum video distortion transmission. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted to assess the effectiveness of this novel solution and a detailed discussion regarding the effects of different system parameters is provided. Compared to typical routing algorithms in sensor networks and the traditional ant-based algorithm, this new algorithm has better convergence and provides significantly better QoS for multiple types of services in wireless multimedia sensor networks.