Adaptive-trail routing and performance evaluation in irregularnetworks using cut-through switches

Cut-through switching promises low latency delivery and has been used in new generation switches, especially in high speed networks demanding low communication latency. The interconnection of cut-through switches provides an excellent network platform for high speed local area networks (LANs). For cost and performance reasons. Irregular topologies should be supported in such a switch-based network. Switched irregular networks are truly incrementally scalable and have potential to be reconfigured to adapt to the dynamics of network traffic conditions. Due to the arbitrary topologies of networks, it is critical to develop an efficient deadlock-free routing algorithm. A novel deadlock-free adaptive routing algorithm called adaptive-trail routing is proposed to allow irregular interconnection of cut-through switches. The adaptive routing algorithm is based on two unidirectional adaptive trails constructed from two opposite unidirectional Eulerian trails. Some heuristics are suggested in terms of the selection of Eulerian trails, the avoidance of long routing paths, and the degree of adaptivity. Extensive simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed and two other routing algorithms under different topologies and traffic workloads     

Ant-based routing for wireless multimedia sensor networks using multiple QoS metrics

In wireless sensor networks, most routing protocols consider energy savings as the main objective and assume data traffic with unconstrained delivery requirements to be a given. However, the introduction of video and imaging sensors unveils additional challenges. The transmission of video and imaging data requires both energy efficiency and QoS assurance (end-to-end delay and packet loss requirements), in order to ensure the efficient use of sensor resources as well as the integrity of the information collected. This paper presents a QoS routing model for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN). Moreover, based on the traditional ant-based algorithm, an ant-based multi-QoS routing metric (AntSensNet) is proposed. The AntSensNet protocol builds a hierarchical structure on the network before choosing suitable paths to meet various QoS requirements from different kinds of traffic, thus maximizing network utilization, while improving its performance. In addition, AntSensNet is able to use a efficient multi-path video packet scheduling in order to get minimum video distortion transmission. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted to assess the effectiveness of this novel solution and a detailed discussion regarding the effects of different system parameters is provided. Compared to typical routing algorithms in sensor networks and the traditional ant-based algorithm, this new algorithm has better convergence and provides significantly better QoS for multiple types of services in wireless multimedia sensor networks.     

Genetic algorithms for route discovery.

Packet routing in networks requires knowledge about available paths, which can be either acquired dynamically while the traffic is being forwarded, or statically (in advance) based on prior information of a network's topology. This paper describes an experimental investigation of path discovery using genetic algorithms (GAs). We start with the quality-of-service (QoS)-driven routing protocol called "cognitive packet network" (CPN), which uses smart packets (SPs) to dynamically select routes in a distributed autonomic manner based on a user's QoS requirements. We extend it by introducing a GA at the source routers, which modifies and filters the paths discovered by the CPN. The GA can combine the paths that were previously discovered to create new untested but valid source-to-destination paths, which are then selected on the basis of their "fitness." We present an implementation of this approach, where the GA runs in background mode so as not to overload the ingress routers. Measurements conducted on a network test bed indicate that when the background-traffic load of the network is light to medium, the GA can result in improved QoS. When the background-traffic load is high, it appears that the use of the GA may be detrimental to the QoS experienced by users as compared to CPN routing because the GA uses less timely state information in its decision making.     

基于遗传算法的多约束QoS多播路由优化算法

随着大量新型的多媒体在高性能网络、移动网络及Internet中的应用，满足QoS约束的多播路由问题成为越来越重要，它吸引了许多爱好者．本文讨论了多约束QoS多播路由问题，主要包含延迟、延迟抖动、带宽和分组丢失率等QoS约束，文中描述了一种在动态网络环境及不确定参数下适应于研究QoS多播路由的网络模型．提出了一种在网络规模、可行性方面为Imernet、移动网络和高性能网络下基于遗传算法的多约束QoS多播路由优化算法（MQMRGA）．仿真结果表明该算法收敛速度快、可靠性高．MQMRGA为QoS多播路由提供了一种新的有效途径．     

Ad Hoc网络中SWAN模型改进及其仿真研究

SWAN是AdHoc网络中的一种无状态网络协议,利用分布式控制算法来传递分类服务。这种QoS模型把数据业务分为两类进行不同处理,即对尽力而为的UDP和TCP业务采用速率控制的策略而对实时的UDP业务采用基于源节点的接纳控制策略。然而现有模型在路由模块采用普通的路由协议,导致了路由和对整个路径资源探测两个过程分离开来;在接纳控制模块仅仅区分了节点间的业务而没有区分相同节点间的不同业务。该文针对这一问题对现有模型的修改主要体现在两个方面:(1)在路由模块用QoS路由替换了原有普通路由协议,路由和整个路径资源探测由QoS路由完成,从而减少了实时业务等待发送时间;(2)针对SWAN首次提出了基于数据流的服务,并且在接纳控制模块进行了相应修改。最后的仿真中表明了该文的修改是有效的,提高了模型的性能。     

Energy efficiency with QoS control in dynamic optical networks with SDN enabled integrated control plane

The paper presents energy efficient routing algorithms based on a novel integrated control plane platform. The centralized control plane structure enables the use of flexible heuristic algorithms for route selection in optical networks. Differentiated routing for various traffic types is used in our previous work. The work presented in this paper further optimizes the energy performance in the whole network by utilizing a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for route selection. The trade-off between energy optimization and QoS for high priority traffic is examined and results show an overall improvement in energy performance whilst maintaining satisfactory QoS. Energy savings are obtained on the low priority traffic whilst the QoS for the high priority traffic is not degraded.     

MANET中基于簇的多路径动态源路由(CMDSR)

大量研究表明移动自组网（mobile ad hoc networks，MANET）的特性使得提高无线网络路由协议的可扩展性成为一个挑战性的工作．根据网络动态特性，提出了一个基于簇的多路径动态源路由机制（CMDSR），该机制利用分簇的层次结构来有效搜索多路径，利用多路径并行传输流量．协议的主要思想是在分簇算法中将网络分成单元簇（1-cell cluster）和中心簇（2-server cluster）两级层次结构，将路由发现程序放在2-server层来防止类似DSR路由发现过程的泛洪，实现路由开销最小化，提高网络的可扩展性，能够有效地处理节点数量增大和节点密度增大的问题．此外，CMDSR通过选择可靠的路径和发送端-端的可靠性软保证的方法解决了可靠性问题，因而具有良好的性能．在OPNET环境中实现了这个协议，结果表明，CMDSR能够平衡网络负载，有效地处理网络拓扑的易变性，从而有效地提高网络的可靠性和鲁棒性．     

Providing service differentiation in pure IP-based networks

The lack of an effective cooperation between the data, control and management plane of QoS routing solutions presented so far, prevents the implementation of service differentiation in the context of pure IP-based networks. Most of paths calculation proposals performed by the control plane are unaware of service characteristics of each flow. Scalable data plane QoS proposals ignore the issue about selecting the best paths to route the traffic. Proposed management plane schemes do not perform the network state maintenance and service level monitoring. Multi-service routing is a flow-based forwarding protocol that implements the service differentiation in pure IP-based networks, using a straight cooperation between data, control and management plane. This cooperation is accomplished by a data plane supporting the DiffServ model and performs route selection based on flows service class, which is exploited by the management plane to carry out the network state maintenance, and performance monitoring by using the RTCP protocol, to provide service metrics to control plane for route calculation. Simulation experiments show better performance results achieved by Multi-service routing compared to those obtained by traditional link state protocol with the DiffServ model and QoS routing in heavy loaded network scenarios of mixed traffic having different service requirements.     

Hierarchical multiobjective routing in Multiprotocol Label Switching networks with two service classes: a heuristic solution

Modern multiservice network routing functionalities have to deal with multiple, heterogeneous and multifaceted Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. A heuristic approach devised to find "good" solutions to a hierarchical multiobjective alternative routing optimization problem in Multiprotocol Label Switching networks with two service classes (and different types of traffic flows in each class), namely QoS and Best Effort services, formulated within a hierarchical network-wide optimization framework, is presented. This heuristic solution is based on a bi-objective constrained shortest path model and is applied to a test network used in a benchmarking case study. An experimental study based on analytic and discrete event simulation results is presented, allowing for an assessment of the quality of results obtained with this new heuristic solution for various traffic matrices. A dynamic version of the routing method is formulated and its performance with the same case study network is analysed.     

Traffic Engineering for wireless connectionless access networks supporting QoS-demanding media applications

This paper focuses on the problem of optimal QoS Traffic Engineering (TE) in Co-Channel Interference (CCI)-affected power-limited wireless access networks that support connectionless services. By exploiting the analytical tool offered by nonlinear optimization and following the emerging “Decomposition as Optimization” paradigm [1], the approach pursued in this paper allows to develop a resource allocation algorithm that is distributed, asynchronous, scalable and self-adaptive. Interestingly, the proposed algorithm enables each node of the network to distribute its outgoing traffic among all feasible next-hops in an optimal way, as measured by an assigned global cost function of general form. This optimal traffic distribution complies with several subjective as well as objective QoS requirements advanced by the supported media flows and involves only minimum information exchange between neighboring nodes. Furthermore, it allows for load-balanced multiple forwarding paths and it is able to self-perform optimal traffic re-distribution (i.e., re-routing) in the case of failure of the underlying wireless links. Finally, actual effectiveness of the overall proposed algorithm is numerically tested via performance comparisons against both DSDV-based single-path routing algorithms and interference-aware multipath routing algorithms.     

基于多队列自适应的DTN传染路由算法

传染路由是DTN中一类较简单的基本路由算法.针对DTN网络环境易变的特点及传染路由的不足提出多队列自适应传染路由,采用多队列方式管理存储空间,利用效用函数对队列内信息进行排序,针对不同队列及网络情况采用相异的转发机制,从而降低网络负载率、提高传输率并降低传输时延,同时可提供简单的QoS.仿真证明本算法优于路由算法Spray andw ait和MaxProp.     

Dynamic load balancing in IP-over-WDM optical burst switching networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of dynamic load balancing in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based optical burst switching (OBS) networks. We propose a load balancing scheme based on adaptive alternate routing aimed at reducing burst loss. The key idea of adaptive alternate routing is to reduce network congestion by adaptively distributing the load between two pre-determined link-disjoint alternative paths based on the measurement of the impact of traffic load on each of them. We develop two alternative-path selection schemes to select link-disjoint alternative paths to be used by adaptive alternate routing. The path selection schemes differ in the way the cost of a path is defined and in the assumption made about the knowledge of the traffic demands. Through extensive simulation experiments for different traffic scenarios, we show that the proposed dynamic load balancing algorithm outperforms the shortest path routing and static alternate routing algorithms.     

An agent-assisted QoS-based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Existing routing algorithms are not effective in supporting the dynamic characteristics of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and cannot ensure sufficient quality of service in WSN applications. This paper proposes a novel agent-assisted QoS-based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks. In the proposed algorithm, the synthetic QoS of WSNs is chosen as the adaptive value of a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm to improve the overall performance of network. Intelligent software agents are used to monitor changes in network topology, network communication flow, and each node's routing state. These agents can then participate in network routing and network maintenance. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm can ensure better quality of service in wireless sensor networks compared with traditional algorithms.     

无线传感器网络QoS路由的研究与仿真

无线传感器网络要求支持多种业务的差别服务和全网范围的资源有效利用,QoS路由是解决该问题的关键技术之一.在分析无线传感器网络QoS 路由问题的基础上,对定向扩散(Directed Diffusion,DD)进行扩展,提出了一种组合利用路径节点最小能量和最小跳数信息的分布式QoS 路由算法,并建立了仿真模型.仿真结果表明,与传统DD比较,网络生存期可提高500%;不同比例的混合业务模式下,可很好的支持不同业务的资源需求分配,达到全网能耗均衡.     

基于不确定参数的QoS路由研究

作为未来网络资源管理的一个重要组件，QoS路由问题越来越受到人们的重视。为了保证网络服务质量，希望根据多个QoS约束的尺度（metrics)来选择可行的路由。但由于网络本身的动态性和复杂性，网络状态信息具有固有的不确定性，因此有必要研究不确定参数对QoS路由的影响。通过形式化地描述基于带宽和延迟的不确定参数的QoS路由问题，给出了相应的处理模型和算法，并从实现的角度探讨了具有一定适应性的多路径QoS路由机制。     

An analytical model of adaptive wormhole routing in hypercubes inthe presence of hot spot traffic

Analytical models of fully adaptive routing for common wormhole-routed networks (e.g., hypercubes) under the uniform traffic pattern have recently been reported in the literature. However, many studies have revealed that the performance advantages of adaptive routing over deterministic routing is more noticeable when the traffic is nonuniform due to, for example, the existence of hot spots in the network. This paper proposes a new queueing model of fully adaptive routing in the hypercube in the presence of hot spot traffic. The analysis focuses on Duato's algorithm, but can easily be applied to other fully adaptive routing algorithms. Results from simulation experiments are presented to validate the model     

基于最优连通功率控制的WSNs跨层路由优化算法

针对非连通区域节点空洞效应和热点区域节点间通信干扰导致的路由服务质量（QoS）下降问题,提出了一种基于最优连通功率控制的无线传感器网络（WSNs）跨层路由优化算法。算法采用自适应最优连通功率控制策略,在避免路由空洞产生和保证网络连通性条件下,降低热点区域节点数据转发竞争干扰;通过位置信息、剩余能量和干扰等级的跨层信息交互,动态选取最优转发节点,提高网络整体性能。仿真实验表明：算法能够提高路由（QoS）、优化网络生命周期和降低热点区域通信干扰。     

Development and research of improved model of multipath adaptive routing in computer networks with load balancing

In modern computer networks, loading and bandwidth of communication links are optimized for providing high-quality service of network traffic, new services and technologies. As a rule, for this task the protocols of dynamic routing based on Dijkstra’s algorithm are used. Protocols of multipath routing for ensuring reliability and accuracy of the provided information allow to divide critical traffic and to execute load balancing along several routes at the same time. The purpose of the work is development and research of the improved multipath adaptive routing model in computer networks with load balancing. In this work, we focused on indicator of jitter optimization between the paved paths and a deviation value of reserve routes from an optimal route. Comparison and estimation of the offered algorithm with some existing approaches, and also modeling and analysis on various topologies of computer networks have been carried out.     

基于遗传算法的实时QoS多播路由优化算法

讨论了多QoS约束的多播路由问题，描述了一种适应于研究实时QoS多播路由的网络模型和优化函数。提出一种基于遗传算法中的小生境技术的QoS多播树选择算法，同时优化了多QoS参数。仿真结果表明该算法收敛速度快、可靠性高，能够满足多媒体网络对实时性的要求。     

Modeling and analyzing the performance of adaptive hierarchical networks

As networks become larger, scalability and QoS-awareness become important issues that have to be resolved. A large network can be effectively formed as a hierarchical structure, such as the inter/intra-domain routing hierarchy in the Internet and the Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI) standard, to resolve these critical issues. Methods of modeling and analyzing the performance of QoS-capable hierarchical networks become an open issue. Although the reduced load approximation technique has been extensively applied to flat networks, the feasibility of applying it to the hierarchical network model has seldom been investigated. Furthermore, most of the research in this area has focused on the performance evaluation with fixed routing. This work proposes an analytical model for evaluating the performance of adaptive hierarchical networks with multiple classes of traffic. We first study the reduced load approximation model for multirate loss networks, and then propose a novel performance evaluation model for networks with hierarchical routing. This model is based on a decomposition of a hierarchical route into several analytic hierarchical segments; therefore the blocking probability of the hierarchical path can be determined from the blocking probabilities of these segments. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed model for adaptive hierarchical routing yields accurate blocking probabilities. We also investigate the convergence of the analysis model in both the originating-destination (O-D) pair and the alternative hierarchical path. Finally, the blocking probability of the adaptive hierarchical O-D pair is demonstrated to depend on the blocking of all hierarchical paths but not on the order of the hierarchical path of the same O-D pair.