基于三帧差分法和改进ViBe算法的前景检测方法

在运动目标检测众多算法中,ViBe算法是一种快速并且高效的运动目标检测算法,在视频监控领域得到广泛的应用.但是这种方法存在对鬼影的消除速度缓慢,容易形成拖影,而且容易发生漏检,易受到噪音的干扰.当物体运动状态变化缓慢时,原位移区域会留下残影等现象.论文针对以上问题提出了一种结合三帧差分算法的改进的ViBe算法,改进背景模型的初始化来对鬼影进行消除,并且加快鬼影的消除速度.采用自适应阈值来提高检测效果,针对背景中存在的噪声和空洞点采用形态学处理来对其进行消除.实验结果表明,改进的算法可以在很短的时间内就可以消除鬼影,并且在消除噪声和空洞等方面有很好的效果.     

改进的ViBe运动目标检测算法

针对传统ViBe运动目标检测算法提取的目标存在鬼影区域、且有闪烁像素点干扰的问题,提出一种结合Surendra背景更新算法而改进的ViBe算法进行运动目标检测.利用Surendra算法快速更新背景的特点迭代得到纯净背景;对ViBe算法检测前景进行像素标记和鬼影分类判别,去除鬼影像素点和闪烁像素点;输出新的前景.实验表明:该算法可以有效地去除ViBe算法前景检测中的鬼影,并能抑制闪烁像素噪声,获取更精确的前景图像.     

基于区域相似信息的自适应运动目标检测算法

当视频监控中存在动态背景干扰、鬼影现象和静止目标时,ViBe算法的检测性能较差。针对该问题,提出一种改进的ViBe算法。通过Otsu算法得到图像的动态阈值,提高算法在动态背景中的抗干扰能力,同时结合区域相似度判断鬼影、拖影或静止目标区域,自适应地对不同类别区域像素进行更新抑制。实验结果表明,改进算法在动态背景中表现出良好的鲁棒性,能够有效抑制鬼影以及静止目标产生的拖影,在保证实时性的前提下较原算法检测精度和综合评价指标F值分别提高0.309和0.2,具有更好的检测效果和检测性能。     

一种自适应运动目标检测算法及其应用

针对ViBe算法在动态背景下存在鬼影消除时间长、算法适应性差、前景检测噪声多的问题,本文提出一种基于ViBe算法框架的改进算法.该算法采用鬼影检测法标记第1帧中的鬼影区域,并向位于鬼影区域的背景模型中强制引入背景样本,从而快速抑制鬼影;在像素分类过程中,引入自适应分类阈值,解决全局阈值易受动态噪声干扰的问题;在背景模型更新中,根据像素分类的匹配值来动态决定更新因子,提高算法适应场景变化的能力.定性与定量的对比实验结果表明,本文算法相较于ViBe算法能够有效地检测动态背景下的运动目标,应用于河流漂浮物检测场景中也有较好的效果.     

一种新的基于ViBe的运动目标检测方法

针对ViBe运动目标检测算法在实际环境中存在无法消除鬼影、阴影等干扰的问题,结合三帧差分、边缘检测等技术,提出了一种ViBe改进算法。预处理阶段通过三帧差分获得真实背景并消除鬼影,运动目标检测阶段结合先验知识和边缘检测方法获得真实的运动目标以消除阴影,目标描述与跟踪阶段运用像素标记分割方法得到目标描述并实现目标跟踪。实验结果表明,新方法在消除鬼影、阴影等干扰方面表现出了优越的性能,在交通监控实时视频流中具有理想的车辆检测和跟踪效果。     

基于改进视觉背景提取算法的运动目标检测

针对经典视觉背景提取算法（visual background extraction algorithm, ViBe）因初始帧存在运动目标易产生鬼影以及对扰动背景适应性差的问题,提出一种改进ViBe算法。利用改进三帧差分法和最小外接矩形定位初始帧运动目标,并通过局部初始化的方法进行鬼影抑制;在背景模型初始化阶段,定义灰度相似函数从时域和空域信息中中等比例选取像素点建立背景模型,增强背景模型的鲁棒性;在前景检测检测阶段,通过平均差法衡量样本集合的离散度,构建自适应分割阈值代替原有的固定分割阈值以适应背景扰动。实验表明,改进算法可以有效抑制鬼影产生并且提高算法在扰动背景下的适应性和检测准确度。     

基于颜色布局描述子的改进ViBe算法

针对ViBe算法在检测运动目标时会有“鬼影”产生和在动态背景下会对目标检测过程中产生干扰造成运动目标误检的问题,结合颜色布局描述子（CLD）提取关键帧进行三帧差分、形态学后处理的技术,提出一种改进的ViBe算法。首先,通过CLD提取视频关键帧图像;然后,将所选取关键帧图像进行三帧差分,通过差分结果将含有运动目标的背景模型进行填充,得到真实的背景图像,再对运动目标进行检测,以达到消除鬼影的目的;最后,在背景模型更新的阶段加入自适应阈值的形态学处理技术,消除动态背景模型中的干扰信息。实验结果表明,所提算法在运动目标检测时在避免鬼影、抗动态背景干扰等方面表现出优越性,在相似度量阈值选取为0.67到0.72时,所提算法的准确率最高可以达到99.4%,可以理想地检测出运动目标的位置信息。     

面向车流量估计的改进ViBe算法研究*

针对视觉背景提取(Visual Background Extractor,ViBe)算法中出现的“鬼影”、阴影前景和漏检静止目标等问题,提出了一种经过改善的ViBe算法。首先在背景模型初始化阶段,利用改善的平均背景建模法对多帧图像建立初始化背景模型以消除鬼影。接着在前景检测阶段,通过计算运动目标与背景像素间差值消除由于光照所造成的阴影,同时利用直方图相似度检测静止目标。最终在车道设置虚拟线圈检测区以检测各个车道的占用比,从而得出道路的交通情况。试验表明,经过改善后的ViBe算法在抑制“鬼影”出现、检测静止目标和消除阴影三方面有较好的效果,能够准确检测出道路车流量。     

一种基于改进ViBe的运动目标检测方法

针对ViBe算法存在的不能有效去除背景噪声以及鬼影现象,提出一种结合帧差法和ViBe算法的改进算法。首先利用帧差法提取出运动目标的轮廓,然后根据得到的轮廓粗提取运动目标区域,最后在得到的运动目标区域基础上分类进行ViBe算法更新背景并分割出完整的运动目标。实验结果表明,此算法能够有效抑制噪声以及鬼影造成的影响,在速度方面也比原算法有所提高。     

一种快速消除鬼影的目标检测算法

针对运动目标检测ViBe算法在执行过程中的鬼影以及背景抖动问题,提出一种可以快速消除鬼影的目标检测算法。提出背景值定向传播以及计算闪烁因子的优化算法,将背景值快速填充到周边鬼影区域的背景集合中,从而快速消除鬼影并消除动态背景和相机抖动的影响,避免使用复杂的特征点检测算法处理抖动问题。通过快速滤波与形态学操作可以去除噪点并提高前景的完整性。经过理论分析以及实验对比,结果表明,该算法能够快速消除鬼影,在相机抖动或动态背景的情况下有更好的目标检测效果,算法的运行速度相比部分主流算法更加快速高效。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.