基于最小噪声分离变换的高光谱异常检测方法研究

RX算法和核RX算法能很好地分离目标和背景,是较为广泛使用的异常检测算法,但是高光谱图像数据量大且存在冗余信息和噪声,直接进行RX及核RX异常探测运算量大且容易受噪声影响.针对此问题,提出一种基于最小噪声分离变换的高光谱图像异常检测方法,首先采用残差分析法估计噪声协方差矩阵以改进最小噪声分离变换,然后利用改进后的最小噪声分离变换来有效地降低高光谱图像数据的维数并分离出噪声,最后对低维降噪后的数据进行RX及核RX异常检测,避免了随机噪声对RX及核RX异常检测结果的影响并提高了异常检测率.对真实的AVIRIS数据测试表明,该算法优于传统的相应的RX、核RX异常检测算法.     

基于主成分建模的SVDD高光谱图像异常检测

针对SVDD背景建模时混入异常点造成的检测率下降的问题,提出了基于主成分建模的SVDD方法并应用于高光谱图像异常检测。利用高光谱图像的光谱特征提取背景的主要成分,并分别对不同成分构建超球体,形成单种背景成分SVDD模型,最后利用综合决策函数对单个SVDD背景模型进行综合判断待检测像元,从而实现高光谱图像异常像元的检测。用仿真数据和真实数据对算法的性能进行验证,并将其与SVDD方法进行性能比较。结果表明,新算法在低虚警概率下较之SVDD模型有更高的检测概率,实验结果证明了算法的有效性。     

空域协同自编码器的高光谱异常检测

目的 自编码器作为一种无监督的特征提取算法,可以在无标签的条件下学习到样本的高阶、稠密特征。然而当训练集含噪声或异常时,会迫使自编码器学习这些异常样本的特征,导致性能下降。同时,自编码器应用于高光谱图像处理时,往往会忽略掉空域信息,进一步限制了自编码器的探测性能。针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于空域协同自编码器的高光谱异常检测算法。方法 利用块图模型优良的背景抑制能力从空域角度筛选用于自编码器训练的背景样本集。自编码器采用经预筛选的训练样本集进行网络参数更新,在提升对背景样本表达能力的同时避免异常样本对探测性能的影响。为进一步将空域信息融入探测结果,利用块图模型得到的异常响应构建权重,起到突出目标并抑制背景的作用。结果 实验在3组不同尺寸的高光谱数据集上与5种代表性的高光谱异常检测算法进行比较。本文方法在3组数据集上的AUC （area under the curve）值分别为0.990 4、0.988 8和0.997 0,均高于其他算法。同时,对比了不同的训练集选择策略,与随机选取和使用全部样本进行对比。结果表明,本文基于空域响应的样本筛选方法相较对比方法具有较明显的优势。结论 提出的基于空域协同自编码器的高光谱异常检测算法从空域角度筛选样本以提升自编码器区分异常与背景的能力,同时融合了光谱域和空域信息,进一步提升了异常检测性能。     

基于加权特征投影的信源数估计方法

考虑到色噪声或低快条件下噪声特征值发散,导致基于特征分解的信源数估计方法得到的信号判据值和噪声判据值区分不明显,提出了一种基于加权特征投影的信源数估计方法;首先,为了使该方法可适用于低信噪比条件,对阵列接收数据的协方差矩阵进行降噪处理,并利用降噪后协方差矩阵所有特征值和特征向量构造了一个用来区分信号和噪声的加权空间矩阵;然后,将降噪后的协方差矩阵在该加权空间矩阵上投影,从而增大了信号判据值与噪声判据值的差异;最后,结合幂函数的缩放性构建了判决函数,进而实现信源数估计;通过理论分析和实验验证,该方法不仅适用于白噪声和色噪声条件,而且在低快拍和低信噪比条件下优势明显,在快拍数为10,信噪比分别为0 dB的白噪声和6 dB的色噪声条件下,该方法的成功检测概率均达到90％以上,同时该算法在信源数较多时效果鲁棒.     

一种利用均值匹配改进的高光谱异常检测方法

传统高光谱异常检测算法由于背景信息估计不准确等原因普遍存在高虚警率的问题,针对这一现象,提出了一种利用图像均值进行匹配改进的高光谱异常目标检测后验处理方法。首先采用传统的高光谱异常检测算法将待检测高光谱图像划分为背景与异常目标潜在区域,之后通过对待测图像求解均值,将其与异常目标潜在区域像元进行相似性匹配计算,剔除大范围误检像元,得到最终检测结果。该方法在传统异常目标检测算法基础上进行相似度量剔除大范围虚警像元,在提高原算法探测能力的同时有效地降低虚警率。实验表明,该方法可以有效降低虚警率,提高原算法对于亚像元异常目标的检测能力,且对于不同算法、不同数据具有普适性。     

基于潜子空间去噪的子空间学习图像分类方法

针对判别最小二乘回归(DLSR)对图像噪声鲁棒性不佳的问题,提出一种基于潜子空间去噪的子空间学习图像分类方法(DLSSL).该方法在架构上不同于现有基于回归的分类方法,其在视觉空间与标签空间中引入一个潜在子空间,将传统的图像分类框架改进为两步,即先降噪后分类.该方法先通过欠完备自编码将数据的高阶特征提取到潜在空间,再利用此高阶特征进行回归分类,同时辅以组核范数约束控制类内样本间距离.潜在子空间的引入为算法框架带来了更多灵活性,缓解了视觉空间与标签空间中数据维度与特性的差异,使得欠完备自编码可以有效地对数据进行降噪,提升了分类算法的鲁棒性.在人脸、生物指纹、物体和深度特征数据集上设计了多组对比实验,实验结果表明,算法对于图像中的噪声具有较强的鲁棒性,获得的投影矩阵具有良好的判别性,相比现有图像分类算法,性能更好、普适性更强,能有效地运用于各种图像分类任务.     

局部投影可分离的高光谱图像异常检测

针对高光谱异常检测中临近异常像素相互干扰和背景地物复杂的问题,提出基于局部投影可分离的高光谱图像异常检测算法.在归一化的数据中,将待测像素光谱作为参考光谱,构造目标子空间,然后把邻域背景像素投影到该子空间,用投影后向量模值构造异常度计算式.最后将检测到的异常与全局主要背景地物进行比对,肖除部分虚警.利用HyMap高光谱数据进行仿真实验结果表明,本文算法具有克服背景复杂性和干扰点的影响,尤其对异类干扰点的抑制效果更佳.     

基于最小特征值非线性修正的快速噪声水平估计算法

鉴于从噪声图像上提取的原生图块协方差矩阵的最小特征值与噪声水平值之间具有显著的相关性,提出一种基于多项式回归技术训练非线性映射模型,直接将原生图块最小特征值修正为最终的噪声水平预测值的快速噪声水平估计算法。首先,选择具有代表性且无失真的自然图像作为训练图像集合;然后,对这些图像施以不同程度的高斯噪声构成样本训练图像库。在此基础上,提取各个噪声样本图像的原生图块, 并使用PCA变化得到原生图块协方差矩阵的最小特征值;最后,利用多项式回归技术构建最小特征值与噪声水平值之间的非线性修正模型。实验表明,与现有算法相比,改进算法对高、中、低各级别的噪声都能鲁棒地进行预测,尤其在低水平噪声方面表现出色,在预测准确度和执行效率两方面具有显著的综合优势。     

基于改进加权空间平滑的凸优化协方差估计

针对相干信号受到非均匀噪声的干扰,在低信噪比环境中常规DOA估计存在估计效果较差甚至失效的情况,基于改进加权空间平滑,提出一种使用凸优化构造最优权重矩阵的方法。改进加权空间平滑算法解相干的同时构造权重矩阵,再用凸优化重构无噪声权重矩阵,将平滑过的协方差矩阵加权,并用MUSIC算法进行DOA估计。仿真结果证实,所提方法相对于空间平滑（spatial smoothing,SS）、基于特征空间MUSIC的空间平滑估计（spatial smoothing and eigen space based MUSIC,SS-ESMUSIC）以及接收信号协方差矩阵秩最小化（spatial smoothing based covariance rank minimization,SS-CRM）算法能更好地抑制非均匀噪声和解相干,且减少了低信噪比的干扰,展现出更优良的分辨力和准确性。     

一种改进高光谱图像噪声评估的MNF变换算法

在光谱维变换法是高光谱图像特征提取和数据挖掘的重要工具,而最大噪声分数(MNF)变换更是应用于高光谱图像分类和混合像元分解当中最为常用的光谱维变换法之一.由于部分样本光谱特征可能被局部波段噪声淹没,在同类地物十分聚集的情况下,首先对高光谱图像做MNF变换处理会比做主成分(PC)变换处理的分类结果更优.但通过实验证明,如果不同类别地物混杂在一起,混杂程度对MNF变换结果的分类精度有着显著影响.随后文中从理论上阐明该影响存在的原因,并针对高光谱图像中地物混杂的情况,提出了一种改进噪声协方差矩阵(NCM)评估的MNF变换算法,并通过后续模拟数据和真实数据实验证明该变换法相对于经典MNF变换,特征提取效果明显改善,分类精度均有所提高.     

Maximized subspace model for hyperspectral anomaly detection

An important application in remote sensing using hyperspectral imaging system is the detection of anomalies in a large background in real-time. A basic anomaly detector for hyperspectral imagery that performs reasonaly well is the RX detector. In practice, the subspace RX (SSRX) detector which deletes the clutter subspace has been known to perform better than the RX detector. In this paper an anomaly detector that can do better than the SSRX detector without having to delete the clutter subspace is developed. The anomaly detector partials out the effect of the clutter subspace by predicting the background using a linear combination of the clutter subspace. The Mahalanobis distance of the resulting residual is defined as the anomaly detector. The coefficients of the linear combination are chosen to maximize a criterion based on squared correlation. The experimental results are obtained by implementing the anomaly detector as a global anomaly detector in unsupervised mode with background statistics computed from hyperspectral data cubes with wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared range. The results show that the anomaly detector has a better performance than the SSRX detector. In conclusion, the anomaly detector that is based on partialling out can achieve better performance than the conventional anomaly detectors.     

Random selection-based adaptive saliency-weighted RXD anomaly detection for hyperspectral imagery

With recent advances in hyperspectral imaging sensors, subtle and concealed targets that cannot be detected by multispectral imagery can be identified. The most widely used anomaly detection method is based on the Reed–Xiaoli (RX) algorithm. This unsupervised technique is preferable to supervised methods because it requires no a priori information for target detection. However, two major problems limit the performance of the RX detector (RXD). First, the background covariance matrix cannot be properly modelled because the complex background contains anomalous pixels and the images contain noise. Second, most RX-like methods use spectral information provided by data samples but ignore the spatial information of local pixels. Based on this observation, this article extends the concept of the weighted RX to develop a new approach called an adaptive saliency-weighted RXD (ASW-RXD) approach that integrates spectral and spatial image information into an RXD to improve anomaly detection performance at the pixel level. We recast the background covariance matrix and the mean vector of the RX function by multiplying them by a joint weight that in fuses spectral and local spatial information into each pixel. To better estimate the purity of the background, pixels are randomly selected from the image to represent background statistics. Experiments on two hyperspectral images showed that the proposed random selection-based ASW RXD (RSASW-RXD) approach can detect anomalies of various sizes, ranging from a few pixels to the sub-pixel level. It also yielded good performance compared with other benchmark methods.     

RX architectures for real-time anomaly detection in hyperspectral images

In the field of hyperspectral image processing, anomaly detection (AD) is a deeply investigated task whose goal is to find objects in the image that are anomalous with respect to the background. In many operational scenarios, detection, classification and identification of anomalous spectral pixels have to be performed in real time to quickly furnish information for decision-making. In this framework, many studies concern the design of computationally efficient AD algorithms for hyperspectral images in order to assure real-time or nearly real-time processing. In this work, a sub-class of anomaly detection algorithms is considered, i.e., those algorithms aimed at detecting small rare objects that are anomalous with respect to their local background. Among such techniques, one of the most established is the Reed–Xiaoli (RX) algorithm, which is based on a local Gaussian assumption for background clutter and locally estimates its parameters by means of the pixels inside a window around the pixel under test (PUT). In the literature, the RX decision rule has been employed to develop computationally efficient algorithms tested in real-time systems. Initially, a recursive block-based parameter estimation procedure was adopted that makes the RX processing and the detection performance differ from those of the original RX. More recently, an update strategy has been proposed which relies on a line-by-line processing without altering the RX detection statistic. In this work, the above-mentioned RX real-time oriented techniques have been improved using a linear algebra-based strategy to efficiently update the inverse covariance matrix thus avoiding its computation and inversion for each pixel of the hyperspectral image. The proposed strategy has been deeply discussed pointing out the benefits introduced on the two analyzed architectures in terms of overall number of elementary operations required. The results show the benefits of the new strategy with respect to the original architectures.     

改进协同表示的高光谱图像异常检测算法

针对协同表示的高光谱图像异常检测算法中双窗口中心为异常像元同时背景字典存在同种异常像元的情况,中心像元的输出较小难以与背景区分的问题,提出一种改进协同表示的高光谱图像异常检测算法。为了减小背景字典中异常像元的权重,使用背景字典原子与均值的距离调整原子的权重,从而增大上述情况下中心像元的输出。实验结果表明,提出的算法在不同双窗口下都取得了较好的检测效果,验证了算法的有效性。     

Fast anomaly detection in hyperspectral images with RX method on heterogeneous clusters

Remotely sensed hyperspectral sensors provide image data containing rich information in both the spatial and the spectral domain, and this information can be used to address detection tasks in many applications. One of the most widely used and successful algorithms for anomaly detection in hyperspectral images is the RX algorithm. Despite its wide acceptance and high computational complexity when applied to real hyperspectral scenes, few approaches have been developed for parallel implementation of this algorithm. In this paper, we evaluate the suitability of using a hybrid parallel implementation with a high-dimensional hyperspectral scene. A general strategy to automatically map parallel hybrid anomaly detection algorithms for hyperspectral image analysis has been developed. Parallel RX has been tested on an heterogeneous cluster using this routine. The considered approach is quantitatively evaluated using hyperspectral data collected by the NASA’s Airborne Visible Infra-Red Imaging Spectrometer system over the World Trade Center in New York, 5 days after the terrorist attacks. The numerical effectiveness of the algorithms is evaluated by means of their capacity to automatically detect the thermal hot spot of fires (anomalies). The speedups achieved show that a cluster of multi-core nodes can highly accelerate the RX algorithm.     

Adaptive linear minimum mean square error restoration: influence on hyperspectral detection strategy

In this paper, we consider the problem of multichannel restoration. Current multichannel least squares restoration filters assume the separability of the signal covariance, which describes the between‐channel and within‐channel relationships. We propose a new solution for a multichannel restoration scheme, the Adaptive Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (ALMMSE), based on a local signal model, without the hypothesis of spectral and spatial separability. The proposed filter is developed to be used as a preprocessing step for detection in hyperspectral imagery. Tests on real data show that the proposed filter enables us to enhance detection performance in target detection and anomaly detection applications with the well‐known hyperspectral imagery detection algorithms AMF and RX. The comparison with detection results, after classical restoration methods, shows the superiority of the proposed approach for hyperspectral images.     

迭代分析相对密度的高光谱异常检测

目的 针对复杂高光谱数据在不同地物规模和光谱特征上的差异,致使背景特征难以准确描述,导致异常检测算法检测效果不理想的问题,提出一种基于相对密度分析建立背景模型的高光谱遥感异常检测算法。方法 该算法借助最大相对密度分析的思想,通过统计与待测像元相似像元的数目作为其相对相似性分布密度,在像元光谱特征相似性分布密度的驱动下,自动搜索聚类中心并实现自适应聚类。为了避免不同背景地物受类别规模差异的影响,设计迭代筛选方法不断提取具有相对最大分布密度的类作为背景地物类别。当迭代终止时即可获得关于背景地物的统计模型,最后采用经典的马氏距离实现异常检测。结果 仿真实验采用两组常用的数据HyMap和HYDICE,与经典算法如基于聚类分析的异常检测算法（CBAD）、局部RX算法（LRX）和基于空间边缘特征变化的异常检测算法（2DCAD）等进行比较,并采用受试者工作特性曲线（ROC）和ROC曲线下面积（AUC）作为评价标准对实验结果进行分析。从实验数据中可以看到,本文算法在ROC曲线整体上表现优于其他算法,在HyMap下AUC值比同类算法至少高出5.6%,HYDICE下AUC值比同类算法至少高出13.6%。另外,对于不同数据,本文算法最终表现较为稳定,鲁棒性较好。结论 实验结果表明该算法无需构建分类面以及设定类别数目,在每次迭代中根据数据本身特征自适应地获取当前规模下背景显著性强的像元。另外,本文建立背景模型的方法适用于不同复杂场景下的高光谱数据,可以获得对背景的准确描述,有助于改善高光谱数据异常检测中对异常目标显著性衡量的准确性。