A CO2-recovering nonpolluting high-efficiency gas-turbine power-generation system utilizing saturated steam as its working gas

A carbon dioxide-recovering high-efficiency gas-turbine power-generation system is proposed in which carbon dioxide (CO₂) generated is recovered by adopting the oxygen (O₂) combustion method and no thermal nitrogen oxide is generated. In the system, saturated steam produced by utilizing waste heat is adopted as the working fluid of the gas turbine. Thus, the compressing process of the working fluid gas, which is the most energy-consuming process in generating power by using a gas turbine, is not needed. This makes the system extremely high efficient. By taking saturated steam of 210°C as an example, the characteristics of the system were simulated. The net exergetic efficiency of the system has been estimated to be 48.4 percent by considering both the exergy of the saturated steam and the electric power required not only to generate high-pressure oxygen, but also to liquefy the recovered CO₂. The value is higher than the exergetic efficiency 37.8 percent of large-scale thermal power generation plants using the same natural gas, and is 28.0 percent higher than its efficiency of 37.8 percent, the one estimated if the CO₂ generated is removed and recovered from the stack gas by using alkanolamine-based solvent and the recovered CO₂ is liquefied.     

Coal-gas-burning high-efficiency power plant which recovers generated carbon dioxide

This paper describes the characteristics and construction of a coal-gas-burned high efficiency power plant which emits no carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere. In a plant, CO₂ gas and superheated steam are used as the main and the secondary working fluids, respectively, of a closed dual fluid regenerative gas turbine power plant. Since coal gas composed of CO, H₂, CO₂ and CH₄ is burned in a combustor using oxygen, the exhaust gas let into a condenser includes only CO₂ and H₂O. Hence, CO₂ gas can be easily separated at the condenser outlet from condensate. In the plant, the combustion gas is first used to generate power by driving a turbine. High-temperature turbine exhaust gas is next utilized at a regenerator to heat the main working fluid of CO₂ gas flowing into the combustor, and then is utilized at a waste heat boiler to produce the superheated steam injected into the combustor. It is estimated that the power can be generated with gross thermal efficiency of 54.4 percent, and that the power generating efficiency is 46.7 percent. Generating efficiency is calculated by subtracting the power required for producing the high-pressure oxygen used for combustion from the generator output. It is shown that the estimated efficiency is higher by 18.1 percent than that of a conventional boiler steam turbine power generating plant into which a process for removing and recovering CO₂ from the stack gas by utilizing alkanolamine-based solvent is integrated.     

Characteristics evaluation of a CO2‐capturing power generation system with reheat cycle utilizing regenerative oxygen‐combustion steam‐superheater

A new CO₂‐capturing power generation system is proposed that can be easily realized by applying conventional technologies. In the proposed system, the temperature of medium‐pressure steam in a thermal power plant is raised by utilizing an oxygen‐combusting regenerative steam‐superheater. The CO₂ generated by combusting the fuel in the superheater can be easily separated and captured from the exhaust gas at the condenser outlet, and is liquefied. The superheated steam is used to drive a steam turbine power generation system. Using a high‐efficiency combined cycle power generation system as an example, it is shown that the proposed system can increase the power output by 10.8%, and decrease the CO₂ emissions of the entire integrated system by 18.6% with a power generation efficiency drop of 2.36% compared with the original power plant without CO₂ capture, when the superheated steam temperature is 750 ^°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(1): 35–41, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20575     

Proposal and Evaluation of a New‐Type Cogeneration System for Energy Saving and CO2 Emission Reduction

The paper proposes a cogeneration system which generates four types of energy or material resources: electricity, steam, hot water, and freshwater. The proposed system can capture CO₂, and be constructed on the basis of a combined cycle power generation system which consists of a gas turbine and a back‐pressure extraction turbine. In the proposed system, power is produced by driving the gas turbine system. High‐pressure saturated steam with medium temperature is produced in the heat recovery steam generator by using gas turbine exhaust gas, and then superheated with a regenerative superheater in which the fuel is burned by using oxygen instead of air for driving the steam turbine generator. Water and CO₂ are recovered from the flue gas of the regenerative superheater. It has been estimated that the proposed system has a net power generation efficiency of 41.2%, a heat generation efficiency of 41.5%, and a total efficiency of 82.7%. Freshwater of 1.34 t/h and CO₂ of 1.76 t/h can be recovered. It has also been shown, when a case study was set and evaluated, that the proposed system can save 31.3% of energy compared with the conventional energy supply system, and reduce CO₂ emission by 28.2% compared with the conventional cogeneration system. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

槽塔结合太阳能辅助燃煤发电机组性能分析

目前化石能源短缺,环境污染日益严重,太阳能作为一种清洁可再生的能源,以其储量巨大、便于获取、无污染的优势,获得广泛的关注和发展。以国内某1 000 MW 超超临界机组作为基准系统,提出了一种同时集成槽式、塔式太阳能集热子系统的新型太阳能辅助燃煤发电系统,分析了系统的节煤量、光电效率、锅炉热效率,同时对集成系统的经济成本进行了分析。结果表明：该新型集成系统比传统燃煤电站具有更好的热力学性能,可以最大限度地利用太阳能,THA工况下集成系统的节煤量约9 g/（kW·h）。随太阳能取代比例的增大,集成系统的光电效率最大为25.55%,太阳能侧平准化度电成本为0.81 元/（kW·h）,低于目前的纯光热电站上网电价1.15 元/（kW·h）,具有明显的经济优势。     

Proposal and evaluation of a gas engine and gas turbine hybrid cogeneration system in which cascaded heat is highly utilized

A high‐efficiency cogeneration system (CGS) is proposed for utilizing high‐temperature exhaust gas (HTEG) from a gas engine (GE). In the proposed system, for making use of heat energy of HTEG, H₂O turbine (HTb) is incorporated and steam produced by utilizing HTEG is used as working fluid of HTb. HTb exhaust gas is also utilized for increasing power output and for satisfying heat demand in the proposed system. Both of the thermodynamic characteristics of the proposed system and a gas engine CGS (GE‐CGS) constructed by using the original GE are estimated. Energy saving characteristics and CO₂ reduction effects of the proposed CGS and the GE‐CGS are also investigated. It was estimated that the net generated power of the proposed CGS has been increased 25.5% and net power generation efficiency 6.7%, compared with the original GE‐CGS. It was also shown that the proposed CGS could save 27.0% of energy consumption and reduce 1137 t‐CO₂/y, 1.41 times larger than those of GE‐CGS, when a case study was set and investigated. Improvements of performance by increasing turbine inlet temperature were also investigated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(3): 37– 45, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20708     

太阳能与燃煤耦合发电集成方式研究

太阳能和常规的燃煤电厂耦合,可以提高燃煤电厂的效率,减少化石燃料的使用,达到保护环境的效果;同时,可以弥补太阳能热发电的不足。通过对太阳能集热场替换回热抽汽的分析,得到其对原燃煤机组效率、汽耗率等的影响;并探讨了太阳能与燃煤耦合发电的不同集成方式对于燃煤机组的影响。研究结果表明：太阳能集热场与H1高压加热器并联为最佳方案,对原燃煤机组增益最大,效率由原来的42.90%提高为44.78%,提高了1.88%;标准煤耗率由原机组的0.286 7 t/h降低为0.274 6 t/h,降低了0.012 1 kg/k Wh。     

带储热的太阳能光煤互补示范电站运行模式研究

太阳能光煤互补电站将太阳能热电站与常规燃煤电站相结合,可以实现太阳能规模化、产业化应用。光煤互补电站由于省去了太阳能直接热发电站中必备的汽轮机、发电机系统,克服了太阳能直接热发电站具有的投资高、负荷不稳定等劣势,使得太阳能热量在常规燃煤火电热力系统中以补充的方式发挥作用,同时依靠火电热力系统的强大热源,规避了太阳能直接热发电系统频繁起停等可能引起运行稳定、安全的不足。基于所建立的太阳能光煤互补示范电站分析模型,研究配建储能系统的示范电站在典型气象条件与负荷工况下,电站光场与储能部分运行模式,并定量分析系统调节阀门组的流量分配特性,为实际电站运行规程确定及运行优化研究提供参考。     

太阳能热发电系统的研究现状综述

介绍塔式、槽式、碟式、太阳能热气流和太阳能池热发电等5种主要类型的太阳能热发电系统的工作原理及研究现状,并对各类太阳能热发电技术的优缺点进行了比较。结果表明,塔式太阳能热发电系统聚光比高,系统容量大、效率高,但费用昂贵;槽式太阳能热发电系统结构简单,但聚光比小,系统工作温度较低;碟式太阳能热发电系统聚光比大,系统效率高,结构紧凑,安装方便,但其核心部件斯特林发动机技术难度较大;太阳能热气流发电、太阳能池热发电及向下反射式太阳能热发电等在技术上各有优势。     

太阳能塔式聚光集热系统与燃煤发电耦合设计

选取塔式水工质太阳能聚光集热系统,与常规火电机组锅炉给水和凝结水系统相耦合,替代高、低压加热器部分功能,构建太阳能光煤互补协同发电系统,该耦合方式是基于提效不增容的前提对系统进行优化设计及经济性分析,即减少汽水系统回热蒸汽量,降低主蒸汽流量,减少燃煤量,以提高机组运行效率,减少污染物排放,实现清洁能源综合利用的目的。该系统为其他光煤耦合系统负荷的选取以及系统设计提供了依据。     

A method for evaluating effects of energy efficiency improvement on carbon dioxide emission reduction

Global warming due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a matter of serious concern. Energy efficiency improvement has been considered to be the most effective strategy for reducing CO₂ emissions. The acceleration of R&D for energy technologies which have large effects on CO₂ emission reduction should be effective in abating global warming. In this study, the author proposes a method for evaluating the effects of energy efficiency improvement on CO₂ emission reduction. This method utilizes a compact energy system model combined with analytical calculations. Using this method, effects of energy efficiency improvement in Japan in the year 2030 are analyzed. Energy efficiency improvement in thermal power generation, nuclear power generation, and heat utilization are especially effective for reducing CO₂ emissions. The author estimates that CO₂ emissions per capita can be stabilized at the present level by energy efficiency improvement.     

太阳能辅助燃煤热发电系统的探讨

由于太阳能供给的间歇性,单独投资建造的太阳能热发电系统经常会出现设备成本高、利用率低、收益低等问题。因此,利用太阳能热发电系统与常规燃煤发电系统都有汽轮机部分这一特点,将槽式抛物太阳能集热器集成到常规燃煤发电系统中,寻求改造现有燃煤发电系统的新途径。以某300 MW机组为例,利用弗留格尔公式进行变工况计算,然后进行热经济性分析,为太阳能辅助燃煤热发电混合系统的建立提供理论参考。     

Prospects for the development of coal-steam plants in Russia

Evaluation of the technical state of the modern coal-fired power plants and quality of coal consumed by Russian thermal power plants (TPP) is provided. Measures aimed at improving the economic and environmental performance of operating 150–800 MW coal power units are considered. Ways of efficient use of technical methods of NO _x control and electrostatic precipitators’ upgrade for improving the efficiency of ash trapping are summarized. Examples of turbine and boiler equipment efficiency upgrading through its deep modernization are presented. The necessity of the development and introduction of new technologies in the coal-fired power industry is shown. Basic technical requirements for a 660–800 MW power unit with the steam conditions of 28 MPa, 600/600°C are listed. Design solutions taking into account features of Russian coal combustion are considered. A field of application of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers and their effectiveness are indicated. The results of development of a new generation coal-fired TPP, including a steam turbine with an increased efficiency of the compartments and disengaging clutch, an elevated steam conditions boiler, and a highly efficient NO _x /SO₂ and ash particles emission control system are provided. In this case, the resulting ash and slag are not to be sent to the ash dumps and are to be used to a maximum advantage. Technical solutions to improve the efficiency of coal gasification combined cycle plants (CCP) are considered. A trial plant based on a 16 MW gas turbine plant (GTP) and an air-blown gasifier is designed as a prototype of a high-power CCP. The necessity of a state-supported technical reequipment and development program of operating coal-fired power units, as well as putting into production of new generation coal-fired power plants, is noted.     

计及置信容量的光热电站储热容量优化配置

为探索光热电站的容量价值,文中基于光热电站的容量置信度和度电成本,提出一种光热电站集热面积和储热容量优化方法。文中建立光热电站发电效率模型和经济性模型,基于序贯蒙特卡洛方法计算发电系统可靠性,使用粒子群算法计算光热电站置信容量,研究太阳倍数和储热时长分别对光热电站容量置信度和度电成本的影响;并以容量置信度和度电成本作为优化目标,使用加权理想点法建立目标优化函数、熵权法确定指标权重值,对太阳倍数和储热时长进行优化。以西北某地区光热规划为例,使用该地区实际太阳辐照资源数据建立模型,发现随着太阳倍数和储热时长的增加,容量置信度单调递增,而度电成本呈先降后升的趋势,可优化得到约束条件下最佳太阳倍数和储热时长。     

集成太阳能对燃煤锅炉热力性能影响研究

以某600MW亚临界锅炉为例,采用抛物面槽式集热器收集太阳能热量,提出了2种锅炉集成太阳能热量的方案:省煤器前方案和省煤器后方案。根据太阳能集热器的集热性能,在锅炉变工况的基础上对集成系统进行热力性能建模,分析太阳能集成方案中锅炉热力性能。结果表明:在锅炉出口蒸汽流量不变时,随着太阳能集成规模增大,2种集成方案,锅炉效率均提高,节煤量均增大;省煤器后方案中锅炉效率和节煤量高于省煤器前方案;省煤器后方案蒸汽温度的稳定性优于省煤器前方案;调温措施是锅炉集成太阳能热量并维持额定蒸汽温度的主要因素;增大调温措施对汽温的调节能力,可集成更多的太阳能热量,为锅炉集成太阳能热量进行改造提供科学依据。     

Economic effectiveness of using super-high values of initial steam parameters in cogeneration power units

The present paper reports the results of numerical investigations into both thermodynamic and economic components of the effect of an increase in the initial steam parameters to super-high values for cogeneration power units. As an initial variant, the heat flow diagram of the turbine plant equipped with the T-250/300-23.5 TMZ steam turbine was adopted. In the course of investigations, the ranges of initial steam pressure p ₀ = 23.5–30.0 MPa, steam temperature t ₀ = 540–600°C, and steam pressure after single reheat p _rh = 3.6–4.5 MPa were considered. In the calculations of the thermodynamic efficiency, the extent of the effect of an increase in steam parameters on the out and the electric efficiency of a power unit when a cogeneration steam turbine operates in condensing and heat-extraction modes were estimated. In the economic part of the calculations, indicators of the commercial efficiency of investments into appropriate projects and the levels of total investment and production costs were determined. The results of the calculations made it possible to estimate the optimum level of super-high values of the initial steam parameters for a cogeneration power unit equipped with the T-280/335-26.1 steam turbine. The best indicators of the commercial efficiency were achieved for the variant with the following parameters of live steam and steam in the reheater: p ₀ = 26.1 MPa, p _rh = 4.035 MPa, t ₀/t _rh = 575/575°C. In this case, the following values were obtained: 42.56% gross efficiency, 40.94% net efficiency, 334 MW rated capacity in the condensing operation mode, and 279.1 MW in the heat-extraction mode at Q _T = 1381.6 GJ/h (330 Gcal/h). The use of higher steam parameters would result in a significant increase in the cost of projects. It has been shown that the restoration of initial design values of both live steam temperature and its temperature after reheat t ₀/t _rh = 565/560°C may be advisable at the upgrading of power units equipped with T-250/300-23.4 steam turbines.     

太阳能辅助燃煤机组发电系统集热温度优化

为研究集热器工作温度对太阳能辅助燃煤机组发电系统中太阳能发电效率、成本的影响,从热力学第二定律出发,对用于太阳能辅助燃煤机组回热系统不同集成方式下太阳能热发电的火用效率进行分析,得出系统中太阳能发电的火用效率与集热器瞬时热效率及汽轮机抽汽效率之间的关系表达式,并结合LS-2槽式集热器(一种典型槽式集热器)的测试结果,对不同辐照条件下不同替代方式的热性能进行了比较。在此基础上,以太阳集热场辅助300MW燃煤机组发电系统为例对太阳能子系统的火用效率和发电成本(levelizedelectricity costs,LEC)进行分析,结果表明,当太阳直射辐射(direct normal irradiance,DNI)从300变化到1 000 W/m2时,对应的集热器最佳工作温度从277变化到317℃。     

光伏光热联合发电基地并网优化调度模型

太阳能能源基地建设正在从单一光伏发电向光伏光热等多种太阳能能源利用形式方向发展。借助光热电站的大容量储热装置和具备快速爬坡速率的汽轮机组,光伏光热联合发电基地的并网运行的可调度性和可控性大大提升。从光伏光热联合发电基地的运行机理出发,建立了基于改进粒子群算法的光伏光热两阶段优化调度模型,第一阶段以削减等效负荷峰谷差、改善负荷曲线为优化目标,第二阶段以发电总成本最小为优化目标。该模型满足光伏光热电站的主要运行约束和传统机组组合安全约束,适用于光伏光热联合发电基地并网调度运行。对10机系统的仿真表明,在完全接纳太阳能发电的前提下,光伏光热发电基地在削减等效峰谷差、提高新能源消纳和降低发电总煤耗效益显著,同时对于光热电站的灵敏度分析表明,在规划建设光热电站时可根据单位峰谷差削减量以及建设成本来选择合适的装机容量和储热装置容量。     

高压加热器水位控制与保护系统介绍

高压加热器是汽轮发电机组回热系统中的重要辅机设备,运行高压加热器可提高锅炉给水温度,降低机组能耗。它是利用汽轮机的抽汽加热锅炉给水的装置,对提高电厂热效率有着重要作用,高压加热器的水位控制对整个系统的安全运行有着重要的影响。     

扩容蒸发式光煤互补发电系统变辐照特性研究

为避免槽式太阳能集热器内变热流量传热和汽液非均匀分布产生,提出了扩容蒸发式太阳能蒸汽发生系统。采用NASA SSE6.0数据库收集的辐照数据,将扩容蒸发式太阳能直接蒸汽发生系统与燃煤机组互补组成复合发电系统,建立复合发电系统的变工况计算模型,并以600 MW机组为例进行了复合发电系统变辐照情况下的日、月、年热力性能分析。研究结果显示：复合发电系统日发电功率与辐照强度曲线变化趋势类似,各月复合发电系统的发电量呈现出夏季较高的趋势,6月份达到峰值2.95×10⁸ kW·h,集热场效率与其趋势相反,机组热功转换率夏季较高,全年为32%~35%;太阳能平均热功转换效率为22.5%,研究结果可为太阳能与燃煤机组互补发电系统的工程应用提供新的方向和思路。