Characteristics evaluation of a CO2‐capturing power generation system with reheat cycle utilizing regenerative oxygen‐combustion steam‐superheater

A new CO₂‐capturing power generation system is proposed that can be easily realized by applying conventional technologies. In the proposed system, the temperature of medium‐pressure steam in a thermal power plant is raised by utilizing an oxygen‐combusting regenerative steam‐superheater. The CO₂ generated by combusting the fuel in the superheater can be easily separated and captured from the exhaust gas at the condenser outlet, and is liquefied. The superheated steam is used to drive a steam turbine power generation system. Using a high‐efficiency combined cycle power generation system as an example, it is shown that the proposed system can increase the power output by 10.8%, and decrease the CO₂ emissions of the entire integrated system by 18.6% with a power generation efficiency drop of 2.36% compared with the original power plant without CO₂ capture, when the superheated steam temperature is 750 ^°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(1): 35–41, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20575     

Proposal and characteristics evaluation of a CO2-recovering hybrid power generation system utilizing solar thermal energy

A CO₂-recovering hybrid power generation system utilizing solar thermal energy is proposed. In the system, relatively low temperature saturated steam around 220°C is produced by using solar thermal energy and is utilized as the working fluid of a gas turbine in which generated CO₂ is recovered based on the oxygen combustion method. Hence, solar thermal utilization efficiency is considerably higher as compared with that of conventional solar thermal power plants in which superheated steam near 400°C must be produced for use as the working fluid of steam turbines; the requirement for solar radiation in the location in which the system is constructed can be significantly relaxed. The proposed system is a hybrid energy system using both the fossil fuel and solar thermal energy, thus the capacity factor of the system becomes very high. The fuel can be used exergetically in the system; i.e., it can be utilized for raising the temperature of the steam heated by utilizing the turbine exhaust gas more than 1000°C. The generated CO₂ can be recovered by using an oxygen combustion method, so that a high CO₂ capturing ratio of near 100 percent as well as no thermal NO_x emission characteristics can be attained. It has been shown through simulation study that the proposed system has a net power generation efficiency of 63.4 percent, which is higher than 45.7 percent as compared with that of the conventional power plant with 43.5 percent efficiency, when the amount of utilized solar energy is neglected and the temperature of the saturated steam is 220°C.     

Proposal and Evaluation of a New‐Type Cogeneration System for Energy Saving and CO2 Emission Reduction

The paper proposes a cogeneration system which generates four types of energy or material resources: electricity, steam, hot water, and freshwater. The proposed system can capture CO₂, and be constructed on the basis of a combined cycle power generation system which consists of a gas turbine and a back‐pressure extraction turbine. In the proposed system, power is produced by driving the gas turbine system. High‐pressure saturated steam with medium temperature is produced in the heat recovery steam generator by using gas turbine exhaust gas, and then superheated with a regenerative superheater in which the fuel is burned by using oxygen instead of air for driving the steam turbine generator. Water and CO₂ are recovered from the flue gas of the regenerative superheater. It has been estimated that the proposed system has a net power generation efficiency of 41.2%, a heat generation efficiency of 41.5%, and a total efficiency of 82.7%. Freshwater of 1.34 t/h and CO₂ of 1.76 t/h can be recovered. It has also been shown, when a case study was set and evaluated, that the proposed system can save 31.3% of energy compared with the conventional energy supply system, and reduce CO₂ emission by 28.2% compared with the conventional cogeneration system. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

在建大型火力发电厂节能分析与对策

以费县电厂600MW机组为背景, 分析影响电厂经济性的因素。认为煤质、锅炉效率( 排烟损失、不完全燃烧) 、汽机效率( 节流损失、初蒸汽参数、凝汽器背压、给水温度、系统泄漏、通流间隙调整) 、厂用电率是提高电厂节能水平的主要项目。针对每一项目提出了解决措施。     

A CO2-recovering nonpolluting high-efficiency gas-turbine power-generation system utilizing saturated steam as its working gas

A carbon dioxide-recovering high-efficiency gas-turbine power-generation system is proposed in which carbon dioxide (CO₂) generated is recovered by adopting the oxygen (O₂) combustion method and no thermal nitrogen oxide is generated. In the system, saturated steam produced by utilizing waste heat is adopted as the working fluid of the gas turbine. Thus, the compressing process of the working fluid gas, which is the most energy-consuming process in generating power by using a gas turbine, is not needed. This makes the system extremely high efficient. By taking saturated steam of 210°C as an example, the characteristics of the system were simulated. The net exergetic efficiency of the system has been estimated to be 48.4 percent by considering both the exergy of the saturated steam and the electric power required not only to generate high-pressure oxygen, but also to liquefy the recovered CO₂. The value is higher than the exergetic efficiency 37.8 percent of large-scale thermal power generation plants using the same natural gas, and is 28.0 percent higher than its efficiency of 37.8 percent, the one estimated if the CO₂ generated is removed and recovered from the stack gas by using alkanolamine-based solvent and the recovered CO₂ is liquefied.     

Prospects for the development of coal-steam plants in Russia

Evaluation of the technical state of the modern coal-fired power plants and quality of coal consumed by Russian thermal power plants (TPP) is provided. Measures aimed at improving the economic and environmental performance of operating 150–800 MW coal power units are considered. Ways of efficient use of technical methods of NO _x control and electrostatic precipitators’ upgrade for improving the efficiency of ash trapping are summarized. Examples of turbine and boiler equipment efficiency upgrading through its deep modernization are presented. The necessity of the development and introduction of new technologies in the coal-fired power industry is shown. Basic technical requirements for a 660–800 MW power unit with the steam conditions of 28 MPa, 600/600°C are listed. Design solutions taking into account features of Russian coal combustion are considered. A field of application of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers and their effectiveness are indicated. The results of development of a new generation coal-fired TPP, including a steam turbine with an increased efficiency of the compartments and disengaging clutch, an elevated steam conditions boiler, and a highly efficient NO _x /SO₂ and ash particles emission control system are provided. In this case, the resulting ash and slag are not to be sent to the ash dumps and are to be used to a maximum advantage. Technical solutions to improve the efficiency of coal gasification combined cycle plants (CCP) are considered. A trial plant based on a 16 MW gas turbine plant (GTP) and an air-blown gasifier is designed as a prototype of a high-power CCP. The necessity of a state-supported technical reequipment and development program of operating coal-fired power units, as well as putting into production of new generation coal-fired power plants, is noted.     

660MW超超临界纯凝机组双背压凝汽器设计

凝汽器的作用是用冷却水使汽轮机排出的蒸汽凝结成水,在汽轮机排汽口建立及维持一定的真空度,同时也可接收机组启停和正常运行中的疏水等。本文重点介绍660 MW机组双背压凝汽器的设计要点。     

Construction and power generation characteristics of H2O turbine power generation system utilizing waste heat from factories

A new gas turbine power generation system has been proposed, in which the steam (H₂O) produced by utilizing waste heat from factories is used as the working fluid of gas turbine. A simulation model has been constructed to estimate power generation characteristics of the proposed system by adopting C++ language. It has been shown from simulation results that the proposed system has high exergetic efficiency, that is, the total exergetic efficiency is 46.3% and fuel‐based efficiency is 56.3% for a case where steam with a temperature of 275 °C produced from a garbage incineration plant is used. Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out when usable steam temperature and pressure is changed, together with the case when condenser outlet pressure is changed. Characteristics of a dual fluid gas turbine cycle power generation system (DFGT) have also been estimated in this study. It has been shown that the proposed system has 16.9% higher exergetic efficiency and 41.8% higher fuel‐base exergetic efficiency compared with DFGT. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(1): 38–47, 2000     

Proposal and evaluation of a gas engine and gas turbine hybrid cogeneration system in which cascaded heat is highly utilized

A high‐efficiency cogeneration system (CGS) is proposed for utilizing high‐temperature exhaust gas (HTEG) from a gas engine (GE). In the proposed system, for making use of heat energy of HTEG, H₂O turbine (HTb) is incorporated and steam produced by utilizing HTEG is used as working fluid of HTb. HTb exhaust gas is also utilized for increasing power output and for satisfying heat demand in the proposed system. Both of the thermodynamic characteristics of the proposed system and a gas engine CGS (GE‐CGS) constructed by using the original GE are estimated. Energy saving characteristics and CO₂ reduction effects of the proposed CGS and the GE‐CGS are also investigated. It was estimated that the net generated power of the proposed CGS has been increased 25.5% and net power generation efficiency 6.7%, compared with the original GE‐CGS. It was also shown that the proposed CGS could save 27.0% of energy consumption and reduce 1137 t‐CO₂/y, 1.41 times larger than those of GE‐CGS, when a case study was set and investigated. Improvements of performance by increasing turbine inlet temperature were also investigated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(3): 37– 45, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20708     

9E燃气轮机余热锅炉凝结水加热器的改造

针对某电厂配套余热锅炉的9E燃气轮机在燃用重油时,锅炉尾部受热面鳍片管鳍片腐蚀严重,锅炉排烟温度偏高,换热效率下降的情况,通过对锅炉受热面利用热力计算软件模拟计算,发现凝结水加热器换热效率较低。采取改变凝结水加热器鳍片管结构,增加受热面面积来提升锅炉效率,改造效果明显。     

480t/h锅炉低氮燃烧器改造与运行优化调整

介绍了盐城发电有限公司10号锅炉480 t/h四角切圆低氮燃烧器改造情况,改造后锅炉氮氧化物、飞灰含碳量、排烟温度、锅炉效率等指标都达到了设计要求,投产初期负荷变化过程中汽温波动幅度较大,通过运行优化调整,汽温变化满足负荷变化要求,对同类型机组低氮燃烧器改造与运行优化调整具有较好的参考价值。     

燃油锅炉掺烧天然气运行特性计算分析

针对龙凤热电厂HG－120／3．9－10型燃油锅炉掺烧天然气实践经验，在理论上分析了燃油锅炉掺烧天然气对锅炉运行特性的影响，认为其影响是增大了锅炉送引风机耗电率，过热蒸汽温度，排烟温度，降低了锅炉效率。     

燃机与锅炉耦合系统提高电厂供电效率的研究

为提高火力发电厂的供电效率,提出燃机与锅炉机组的耦合系统,并建立该耦合系统性能计算模型。经过对耦合系统性能的预测分析可知:排烟温度对系统的性能影响较大,在设定的130℃排烟温度条件下,耦合了燃机的电厂效率提高,供电煤耗降低。在一定的最高燃机工作温度条件下,进入锅炉机组总风量与流经燃机的空气流量与之间的比值有最佳值。以燃机最高工作温度700℃为例,耦合系统可以提高机组效率0.5%以上,其发出的功率可以增加电厂供电量超过4%,在考虑了机组热效率以及低温腐蚀等因素以后,除了抵消风机电耗以外,最佳的供电量增加幅度为1.64%,此时对应着最佳的锅炉机组总风量与流经燃机空气流量的比值,其大小为4.29。     

大型天然气联合循环电厂的设计优化

为了使我国正在建设的一批大型天然气联合循环电厂投资省、效率高、投产后具有较好的经济效益,对其设计进行优化至关重要。文章对影响大型天然气联合循环电厂效率的各种因素进行了深入的研究,对联合循环系统、燃气轮机选型、蒸汽系统、参数选择、余热锅炉和汽轮机选型、机组轴系配置、动力岛布置等方面进行了设计优化,并提出了明确的优化结论。     

增压富氧燃烧回收烟气水分潜热的分析

增压富氧燃烧发电机组具有在较高烟气温度下回收烟气水分潜热的独特优势.以某300 MW汽轮机组为研究对象,基于汽轮机变工况热力计算方法,计算分析了高压烟气中水分潜热加热凝结水对汽轮机热耗率与出力的影响,并与常压富氧燃烧进行了比较.结果表明,在增压富氧燃烧系统中采用排烟冷凝器,使汽轮机凝结水吸收烟气中水分的凝结放热和烟气的显热,随着烟气温度由190℃降至90℃,可使烟气水分含量由12.38％降至1.17％,回收了全部水分潜热的90.5％;与常压富氧燃烧相比,在机组额定功率下,汽轮机热耗率降低约5.8％;在汽轮机额定进汽量下,汽轮机功率增加约6.1％.     

轻型燃机与生物质炉排炉耦合系统研究

生物质直燃发电厂通常采用循环流化床锅炉或炉排型锅炉,两种炉型采用的脱硝方式不同,但都存在中低负荷下NOx含量易超标的问题。提出一种轻型燃机和生物质炉排型锅炉耦合的系统:生物质炉排型锅炉利用轻型燃机排烟中的热量和氧量,用于调节炉内燃烧温度,同时减少风机负荷。通过将两套系统耦合,可以提高系统的发电效率,大幅缓解生物质炉排炉内结渣和排烟中NOx超标的情况,达到高效、节能、减排的效果。     

大型机组真空系统存在的问题及解决办法

通过实例分析了大型汽轮机真空系统普遍存在的低压缸结合面不严、真空泵排气受阻、凝汽器进空气、汽轮机和给水泵汽机轴封漏空气等问题以及对机组产生的影响;介绍了解决这些问题的办法;针对真空系统存在的问题,对电厂的技术管理工作提出了建议。     

辐射能作为热量信号的过热蒸汽温度控制

传统的锅炉过热蒸汽温度控制系统通过检测过热蒸汽温度及其变化趋势来调节减温水量．从而维持过热蒸汽温度在允许的范围之内。由于过热蒸汽温度在减温水量扰动下延迟较大，这种特性使过热蒸汽温度的控制滞后，控制效果不理想。鉴于锅炉总辐射能信号充分体现了锅炉内燃烧工况的变化，能提前反映烟道进口烟温变化趋势，为此，在过热蒸汽温度控制系统中引入了锅炉总辐射能信号，通过检测烟气温度及其变化趋势来提前调节减温水量，从而改善主蒸汽温度调节的品质。经在广东省沙角A电厂5号机组（300MW）上进行了定负荷与变负荷工况下的调节试验，调节效果理想。     

大武口电厂3号炉主汽温高原因分析及受热面改造

对大武口电厂3号炉主汽温度偏高的原因进行了分析，利用大修机会，进行了受热面的调整和改造。改造后，主汽温度和排烟温度均降至合理范围，达到了预期的目的。     

基于辐射能信号前馈的串级汽温控制系统

研究电站锅炉炉膛辐射能与过热器出口温度的动态特性，以辐射能信号作为前馈信号，组成前馈一反馈的汽温控制系统，改进过热器减温水喷水控制，提高了蒸汽参数品质及火电机组的经济效益和安全性。