STATCOM与SVC在某钢铁企业的应用选择

根据静止同步补偿器(static synchronous compensator,简称STATCOM)和静止无功补偿装置(static var compensation,简称SVC)的基本工作原理和特性,对钢铁企业4 200 kW交—交变频同步电机改造工程中的电网无功补偿提出了两套设计方案。SVC设计方案采用TCR+FC静止型动态无功补偿装置,STATCOM设计方案采用±9 Mvar的STATCOM和9 Mvar无源FC构成混合动态无功补偿装置。并且在响应速度、谐波谐振的可能性、控制的鲁棒性、功耗、占地面积、价格比等方面进行了两套方案的比较。     

分布式协同控制模式下配电网信息物理系统脆弱性评估

分布式协同控制模式的提出,为解决未来配电网信息物理系统(CPS)中高密度、强随机性分布式电源接入问题提供了途径。但同时,配电网CPS信息物理高度融合的特点也方便了网络攻击者通过信息系统威胁电力系统的安全稳定运行。据此,提出一种基于动态攻防博弈的分布式协同控制模式下配电网CPS脆弱性评估方法。首先,阐述了一种分布式电源等输出比协同控制策略,并对其收敛特性进行了分析和总结。其次,基于CPS风险评估框架,结合分布式电源协同控制策略及实际网络攻防策略的特点,提出配电网CPS风险评估模型;在此基础上,设计动态攻防博弈函数及博弈求解步骤,实现对于分布式协同控制模式下配电网CPS脆弱性的量化评估。最后,基于IEEE 34节点配电系统开展仿真测试,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

配电网重构遗传算法的动态“回路”编码与“树形”解码技术

遗传算法实际应用于配电网重构时,目标电网的拓扑结构可能会发生变化,静态的编码、解码方案不能适应要求。所以研究了电网拓扑数据的动态处理技术,在此基础上提出了动态"回路"编码和"树形"解码技术,有效解决了上述问题。给出了应用算例,对所提出的技术进行了验算,其结果证明了这些技术可行,可以与配电网重构遗传算法有效配合。     

基于半动态拓扑优化的电网运行方式辅助决策

网络拓扑优化作为一种新技术,通过在电网运行过程中改变网络结构来改善系统潮流分布,提升系统运行安全经济性。文中针对现有静态与动态网络拓扑优化方法分别存在的灵活性差与计算效率低的问题,提出了一种折中的半动态拓扑优化方法,进而基于该方法进行电力系统运行方式的辅助决策。首先,介绍了当前静态与动态两类网络拓扑优化方法的优缺点,进而提出了半动态网络拓扑优化方法;其次,基于静态、动态与半动态3类网络拓扑优化方法,构建了一般形式的电网运行方式辅助决策模型,进而运用线性化技术,将所提模型转化为混合整数线性规划问题;最后,对IEEE 14节点及IEEE 118节点系统进行计算分析,说明了所提半动态网络拓扑优化方法能够兼顾系统运行灵活性与模型解算效率。     

Retracted: State estimation of Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy system in networked control system with stochastic time delays under unknown attacks

This article concerns the event-triggered fuzzy filter design for Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems subject to deception attacks under the stochastic multiple time-varying delays. A sequence of random variables, which are mutually independent but obey the Bernoulli distribution, is introduced to account for the randomly occurring communication delays. In order to efficiently utilize limited network communication bandwidth resources, the event-triggering scheme is adopted. A fuzzy filter with the attacked input signal is presented. Moreover, due to communication delays caused by event-triggering schemes and transmission, the filter adopts non-synchronous premise variables with the system. Then, by utilizing a model transformation technique, the fuzzy systems are developed. Furthermore, using the piecewise Lyapunov functional method technique, the resulting criterion provides sufficient conditions to ensure that fuzzy systems under deception attacks are stochastically stable with an H_∞ performance. Accordingly, the conditions for the co-design of the fuzzy filter and event-triggering schemes are given. Finally, numerical simulation with the industrial process provided to verify the proposed event-triggered design.     

Memory-based dynamic event-triggered control for networked interval type-2 fuzzy systems subject to DoS attacks

In this article, the memory-based dynamic event-triggered controller design issue is investigated for networked interval type-2 (IT2) fuzzy systems under non-periodic denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. For saving limited network bandwidth, a novel memory-based dynamic event-triggered mechanism (DETM) is proposed to schedule data communication. Unlike existing event-triggered generators, the developed memory-based DETM can utilize a series of newly released signals and further save network resources by introducing interval dynamic variables. Moreover, to improve design flexibility, an IT2 fuzzy controller with freely selectable fuzzy rule number and premise membership functions (MFs) is synthesized. Then, a new switched time-delay system with imperfectly matched MFs is established under the consideration of memory-based DETM and DoS attacks simultaneously. Besides, based on the property of MFs, the boundary information of membership grades and slack matrices are introduced in the stability analysis. Furthermore, by using a piecewise Lyapunov–Krasovskii method, membership-functions-dependent criteria are deduced to ensure the asymptotic stability of built fuzzy switched systems. Finally, the effectiveness of proposed control strategies is demonstrated by simulation examples.     

面向恶意攻击的安全稳定控制系统信息物理协调防御方法

信息物理的紧密耦合使网络安全问题成为电力系统安全稳定运行的重大挑战,同时也给信息物理的协调感知和安全防御提供了新的潜力.围绕安全稳定控制业务,针对信息物理融合带来的网络安全问题,挖掘信息物理协调的潜力,提出信息物理协调防御的框架,提升安全稳定控制系统防御恶意攻击的能力.首先,通过试验分析了恶意攻击对电网安全稳定控制系统和电力一次系统产生的影响.在此基础上,分别从时间和空间维度提出了网络安全信息物理协调防御体系和框架,并结合传统网络安全技术和安全稳定控制业务逻辑分别提出了包含装置侧和主站侧的网络安全辨识和防护方案,给出了安全稳定控制系统网络安全监视与分析应用框架,从而提升了安全稳定控制系统应对恶意攻击的能力.     

一种基于图卷积神经网络的加密流量分类方法

深度学习算法被广泛应用于网络流量分类领域并取得较好效果。然而,对抗攻击的出现给其安全性带来了严重威胁,使得当前主流的基于卷积神经网络模型的分类算法的精度严重下降。针对此,本文提出了一种抗流量分类中灰度图对抗攻击的加密流量分类方法。所提方法通过提取数据包负载长度、包序列、方向、簇等流量交互信息构建拓扑图,将加密流量分类问题转化为图分类问题。接着,本文使用基于图卷积神经网络的分类方法进行特征的学习分类,图卷积神经网络模型可以自动从输入的拓扑图中提取特征,将特征映射到嵌入空间中的不同表示来区分不同的图结构。实验结果表明,本文所提方法不仅能够避免对抗攻击,且在公开数据集上的分类性能也较现有典型方法提高了5%以上。     

基于边缘计算的电表计量系统数据协同检测方案

虚假数据注入攻击以破坏电力数据采集与监控系统的数据完整性和可用性为目标,其检测方案对智能电网的安全与稳定运行具有重要意义。针对智能电网中庞大的数据带来的许多安全问题和漏洞,提出了基于边缘计算的一种虚假数据注入攻击协同检测模型,该模型基于边缘计算的框架,改进传统计量系统的网络结构,利用边缘服务器来提供全局的监控能力和虚假数据检测功能。该方案针对计量系统中的虚假数据注入问题不仅提出了检测规则,还对采集器进行了信誉评分。该方案在测试系统上进行了仿真实验,验证了该模型的有效性。     

Novel reactive power controllers for the STATCOM and SSSC

The paper investigates the dynamic operation of both static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) based on a new model comprising full 48-pulse GTO voltage source converter for combined reactive power compensation and voltage stabilization of the electric grid network. These key FACTS devices are power electronic GTO converters connected in parallel or series with the power system grid and are controlled by novel decoupled controllers. The complete digital simulation of the STATCOM and SSSC within the power system is performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment using the power system blockset (PSB). The STATCOM scheme and the electric grid network are modeled by specific electric blocks from the power system blockset while the control system is modeled using Simulink. Two novel controllers for the STATCOM and SSSC are presented in this paper based on a decoupled current control strategy to ensure stable operation of the STATCOM under various load excursions. A novel control scheme for the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is also implemented to provide a full controllable series compensating (buck/boost) injected voltage over a specified capacitive and inductive range, independently of the magnitude of the transmission line current. The series reactive compensation scheme with an external dc power supply can also compensate for any voltage drops across resistive component of the transmission line impedance. The novel decoupled controller uses a phase locked loop (PLL) with a novel reduced inherent time delay to improve the transient performance of the SSSC. The performance of both STATCOM and SSSC schemes connected to the 230 kV grid are evaluated. The proposed novel control schemes for the STATCOM and SSSC are fully validated by digital simulation.     

应对协同攻击的电力系统发输电拓展随机规划

随着能源互联网和智能电网的大力发展,中国电力系统已经发展成为一个复杂的信息物理系统,其遭受各种恶意攻击的风险大幅增加。为了保证电力系统的安全可靠运行,对各类恶意攻击进行建模并提出针对性的防御措施具有重要的现实意义。文中针对信息物理协同攻击提出了一个防御性随机规划模型,模型以攻击导致的削负荷期望量最小为目标函数,考虑多种协同攻击方案的影响,通过优化新增机组和线路达到防御攻击的目的。在建模过程中,首先在攻击人员的角度建立了协同攻击模型,并提出了协同攻击场景生成方法。然后,基于所生成的协同攻击场景提出了应对攻击的电力系统随机规划模型,并考虑了遭受攻击后运行人员以及规划人员视角下规划系统的运行情况。最后,基于改进IEEE RTS-79系统进行了算例分析,验证了所提模型的正确性和有效性。     

A data aware 9T static random access memory cell for low power consumption and improved stability

Reducing the power consumption in static random access memory can significantly improve the system power efficiency, reliability, and performance. In this paper, we propose a data aware static random access memory cell to reduce the power consumption during read and write operation. The proposed cell contains nine transistors with separate read/write ports. The write operation in the proposed cell is controlled by an additional write signal instead of word line. Because of isolation of the storage nodes with bit lines, read signal‐to‐noise margin is equal to ideal hold signal‐to‐noise margin of the conventional cell. The proposed cell saves approximately more than 43% active power compared with the 6T cell and other published cells. The proposed cell gives faster write access and low leakage current compared with the conventional and other cells. About 99% standby column power reduction, with 128 cells, is observed in the proposed cell. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Low energy/delay overhead level shifter for wide‐range voltage conversion

Multi‐supply voltage systems on chip have been widely explored for energy‐efficient elaborations. A main challenge of multi‐supply voltage designs is the interfacing of digital signals coming from ultra‐low‐voltage core logics to higher power supply domains and/or to input/output circuits. In this work, we propose an energy/delay‐efficient level shifter architecture that is capable of converting extremely low levels of input voltages to the nominal voltage domain. In order to limit static power, the proposed circuit is based on the single‐stage differential cascode voltage switch scheme. To improve switching speed and dynamic energy consumption, our design dynamically adapts the current sourced by the pull‐up network on the basis of the occurring transition. A test chip was fabricated in 180 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology to verify the proposed technique. Measurement results show that our design is capable of converting 100 mV of input voltages to 1.8 V, while assuring an average propagation delay of about 26 ns, an average static power of 100 pW, and an energy per transition of 140 fJ for the target voltage‐level conversion from 0.4 to 1.8 V. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A parallel transient stability simulation for power systems

As power systems continue to develop, online dynamic security analysis and real-time simulation using parallel computing are becoming increasingly important. This paper presents a novel multilevel partition scheme for parallel computing based on power network regional characteristics and describes the design and implementation of a hierarchical block bordered diagonal form (BBDF) algorithm for power network computation. Some optimization schemes are further proposed to reduce the computation and communication time and to improve the scalability of the program. The simulation results show that, for a large network with 2115 nodes, 2614 branches, 248 generators, and 544 loads, the proposed algorithms and schemes run ten times faster on a cluster system with eight CPUs than on a single CPU. Thus, they satisfy the real-time simulation requirement for large-scale power grids.     

动态最优潮流的预测/校正解耦内点法

从动态最优潮流中动静态变量的弱耦合关系出发,深入分析了原对偶内点法的解耦思想及其产生的根本原因,然后将该解耦策略推广应用于预测/校正环节的线性方程求解,提出动态最优潮流的预测/校正解耦内点法.该算法利用预测/校正原对偶内点法的优势,提高了动态最优潮流的迭代计算效率.同时,针对线性修正方程组常数项的特点,进一步提出了一种分组解耦同步迭代策略,使动态变量和各时段静态变量在预测/校正环节中实现同步解耦计算,从而进一步提高了动态最优潮流的解耦计算效率.通过典型算例的仿真分析与对比,验证了该算法的有效性.     

采用时段动态划分和分层优化策略的配电网重构

为更好地处理配电网动态重构中重构时刻、开关操作费用、降损效果之间的平衡问题,提出了采用时段动态划分和分层优化策略的配电网重构方法。首先利用功率矩法进行重构时段动态划分,该划分方法可控制最大重构次数;然后利用免疫算法进行分层优化,第1层优化用以网损最小为目标,采用传统静态重构优化方法确定各时段内不考虑开关动作次数限制及操作费用的开关动作方案,并将该开关动作方案作为第2层优化的搜索空间,且第2层优化中加入了开关动作次数限制及操作费用约束,根据方案运行费用最低原则确定最优重构方案。算例结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Insulation failure detection in transformer winding using cross-correlation technique with ANN and k-NN regression method during impulse test

In this paper, two new schemes are proposed for insulation failure detection in power transformer windings. In the first step, a real high frequency HV transformer winding is modeled based on the detailed model. Thereafter, a simulator is obtained for the insulation failure and is embedded in different locations of the winding in static and dynamic forms. In the first proposed scheme, the obtained ground current signals are used for feature selection based on the cross-correlation technique. Afterwards, a four-layered multiplier perceptron Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is trained using these features for fault detection. The accuracy rate of the ANN network was 84.33% for different faults. In the second scheme, k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NNs) is used as a regression method. The accuracy rate of this method reaches to 80.4%. Clearly, the first proposed scheme is able to detect the faults more accurately. Furthermore, in the first scheme, the accuracy rate was higher for the shunt faults in comparison to the series ones while the second scheme is more successful in detection of series failures.     

Optimal control schemes for SSSC for dynamic series compensation

This paper presents two novel control schemes for static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) for dynamic series compensation and voltage regulation. The SSSC model comprises a harmonic neutralized multilevel 48 pulse voltage source converter. This paper investigates two novel control schemes for optimal series compensation, which are indirect control (constant reactance control) and direct control (constant voltage control) using pulse width modulation (PWM) switching techniques. The proposed model of SSSC within the power system is performed in Matlab/Simulink using the power system blockset. The performance of the SSSC schemes connected to the 230 kV grid is evaluated in both capacitive and inductive modes of operation under load excursions. The operation of the proposed controllers is also tested in a weak power in order to compare their performance for securing SSSC stability in response to system contingencies.     

基于节点脆弱性的电力系统抗毁性分析

大停电事故一般由个别元件故障开始并最终导致全系统崩溃,而其中极少数带有重负荷的节点往往起到助推作用,因此寻找这些关键节点,分析该部分节点失效情况下的电力系统的抗毁性,具有重要的研究价值。基于静态能量函数,建立相关的脆弱性评估指标模型,对电力系统的节点脆弱性进行评估,从而确定电力系统的脆弱环节。在此基础上,对电力网络拓扑模型进行蓄意攻击和随机攻击,分析比较电力系统在这两种攻击下的网络抗毁度指标,结合系统能量和网络图论分析研究电力系统的抗毁性。通过对某地区电网的实际仿真,验证了该方法的合理性与有效性。     

电动汽车快速充电站的储能缓冲系统控制策略

利用储能缓冲系统补偿电动汽车快速充电的脉冲功率,能够减小快速充电站接入对配电网的不利影响。研究含储能缓冲系统的快速充电站结构、不同类型蓄电池的快速充电功率特性,提出计及配电网有功变化率限值的储能缓冲系统运行方式和电流控制策略。结合快速充电站配置,推导储能缓冲系统的运行参数,进而设计储能系统元件参数。利用Matlab/Simulink搭建含储能缓冲系统的快速充电站模型,分析不同电动汽车脉冲充电功率下储能缓冲系统动态特性,验证了所提出控制策略的正确性和有效性。