钱学森与中国航天工程的开创——以探空火箭工程和东方红一号卫星工程为例

This paper investigates about the initiation of China’s astronautic engineering. Qian Xuesen contributes greatly to Chinese astronautic engineering, but this paper only focuses on the development of sounding rocket engineering and Dongfanghong-1 satellite engineering, and attaches great importance to the development of T-7M and T-7 sounding rocket and Changzheng-1 launch vehicle. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the historic contribution and influence of Qian Xuesen and his astronautic teams to the initiation of China’s astronautic engineering. It also provides the readers with the detail documents about Chinese sounding rocket and Changzheng-1 launch vehicle. Lastly, several enlightenments are given in this paper.     

从洛阳城市建设看钱学森"山水城市"思想

This paper summarizes the ideological connotation of Qian Xuesen’s theory on Shan-Shui cities, and reviews the practical construction of luoyang Shan-Shui city and the relationship between the theory and practice, which proves that Qian Xuesen’s theory on Shan-Shui cities is reasonable and feasible. So the theory on Shan-Shui cities is of great meaning in directing the development of Chinese city in 21st century.     

略论钱学森的建筑哲学思想

Qian Xuesen regards architectural science as a branch (subsystem) of the system of modern science and technology. Architectual philosophy is the bridge for the communication of architecture science and dialectical materialism. Architectural philosophy, the leading disciplinary in architectual science, decides the guiding conception, orientation and way of whole architectural science. Qian Xuesen proposed the academic task to establish architectual philosophy and published several yet very insightful opinions on the topic. However, as a disciplinary, architectual philosophy is far from being established. This paper elaborates the author’s understanding of architectural philosophy proposed by Qian Xueshen, covering the following four issues: (1) The definition of architectural philosophy, (2) the dialectics of architectural science, (3) the methodology of architectural science, and (4) the architectural aesthetics.     

论地理科学与建筑科学的交叉研究

This paper discusses modern science and technology system proposed by Qian Xuesen, and investigates the position of geographical science and architectural science in such a system. By taking Qian Xuesen’s Shan-Shui cities as a cut in point, the author discusses the issue of the coordinated development between artificial and natural environment and further puts forward virtual science. Virtual science could help the practitioners coordinate artificial and natural environment under the virtual condition before practice in reality. Virtual science enriches the system of modern science and technology.     

台湾山水城市理念与建设

In the history of Chinese Taiwan urban development, there are three stages of landscape concepts: be dependent on mountains and rivers, conquer mountains and rivers, and be in harmony with mountains and rivers. This article describes policies and related cases of the theory on Shan-Shui cities in Taiwan, for example some early projects like: Taipei Minsheng community, Nantou Chunghsing new town, Tainan Shalun station special district of high speed rail, Taipei’s Eco-city plan, and Taipei metropolitan green infrastructure plan, etc. Based on Qian Xuesen’s, theory on Shan-Shui cities, this paper analyzes the systematic development process of Shan-Shui cities, and its enlightenment for Taiwan.     

The Selection and Construction in Aerospace Engineering Innovation: Case Study on Wang Yongzhi’s Innovative Thinking

Wang Yongzhi, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and the recipient of the State Science and Technology Top Awards 2003, has dedicated greatly to Chinese aerospace industry. Utilizing the Engineering Selection and Construction Theory and Engineering Innovation Space Theory, the writers analyze Wang’s innovative practice and thinking. No matter as a freshman or a project leader, Wang has always innovated actively and has extended his innovation space gradually. According to the “national interests first” principle and the favoring to “faster, better, more abstemious and safer” technologies, Wang and his colleagues has realized a great many of aerospace engineering targets. His selection principles and innovation experiences are significant to Engineering Philosophy Study. Wang said, “Innovation originates in human nature; and to conduct innovation, one should possess innovation awareness, innovation motive force, innovation competence, innovation target and sat-isfactory innovation conditions. This innovation thinking, synthesized from practices, will amplify the theoretical research of innovation.     

德国工程技术伦理的建制

The institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics is to efficiently implement and apply the concept and research achievements of engineering and technology ethics into engineering activities by establishing effective institutions and organizations. German engineering and technology ethics has gained valuable experience in this respect. About the theoretical demonstrations on ethical institutionalization, there're mainly: Gehlen’s anthropological demonstration on the objective of institutionalization, and Ropohl's demonstration from the view of society-technology system theory while Hubig's from the viewpoint of axiology. And in Germany, the practical applications of the institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics chiefly include the establishment of various institutionalized organizations at the levels from federation, state to the public, and the promulgation and implementation of ethical guidelines for Association of German Engineers. Reviewing the experiences and characteristics of the institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics in Germany would not only be helpful to the enrichment of our theories of engineering and technology ethics, but also be of significant reference value for the the application of engineering and technology ethics in practice.     

The Establishment and Development of the Chinese Institute of Engineers

In 1913, Zhan Tianyou founded China’s first engineering academic group, the Chinese Assembly of Engineers. In 1915, the Chinese Assembly of Engineers changed the name to Chinese Institute of Engineers. The Institute tries to promote academic study and communication by publishing Institute newspapers and academic works. The Assembly developed quickly at the early stage and became one of the largest academic groups in China and played a groundbreaking role in attracting engineering experts from the whole country, as well as promoting the research and communication of engineering science. After 1923, the development of the Assembly came to a standstill. In 1931, the Assembly and the Chinese Engineering Society merged into Chinese Institute of Engineers.     

从水坝工程看我国公众理解工程的问题与对策

At present, the study of “public understanding of engineering” in China has just started, and it can be said that there is adequate research space. Making the public understanding of dams in China as a starting point, this paper analyzes the importance and the present situation of “public understanding of engineering”, and makes some analysis and recommendations on how to promote and facilitate the public understanding of engineering.     

“Apollo Paradigm”: Dilemmas and Solutions of U.S. Human Space-flight

During 2010-2011, the USA cancelled the 5 years old Constellation program, terminated the Space Shuttle program which had lasted for 39 years. These led to a “gap” in America’s independent human spaceflight capacities and profound dilemmas in U.S human spaceflight enterprise. These dilemmas rooted in the “Apollo paradigm” are reflected in the development of U.S. human spaceflight since the Apollo era and are characterized by favoring to large scale technological systems and programs and the presumption that large human spaceflight programs are essential to sustain the political support for civil spaceflight programs. The goals, economic and technological characteristic of the technological programs in the “Apollo paradigm” are inflexible, which leads to the current stalemate in the U.S. human spaceflight enterprise. The sustainable and healthy development of human spaceflight requires getting rid of the “Apollo paradigm”, exploring the “flexible path” and basing the flexibility upon the entire aerospace industry. To fulfill these, we should, on the one hand, transform the methods of government acquisition so as to foster the market of space equipment manufacturing and encourage diversified courses of technological development; on the other hand, we should create technological and market niches for the innovative development of space equipment industry.     

技术科学要求创造工程技术的理论——纪念钱学森先生百年诞辰

钱学森提出的技术科学思想及其方法论,是指从工程和实践中抽象出科学问题,基于自然科学理论建立简化力学模型,通过数学手段求解,得到理论结果,再经过实际检验,从而"创造出工程技术的理论".本文概述我们对这一思想的学习和思考,并以两个实例阐述我们对此的具体实践.     

系统工程的发展与应用

重点介绍了钱学森提出的综合集成方法，基于这个方法，系统工程已经发展到复杂巨系统工程和社会系统工程阶段。总体设计部是运用综合集成方法、应用系统工程技术的实体部门，是实现综合集成工程的关键所在。文中也指出了这些进展在实际中的应用价值和意义。     

Some Historical Reflection on the Construction of Liujiaxia Hydropower Station

Liujiaxia Hydropower Station is one of the important hydropower in the upper stream of the Yellow River. It is the first large hydropower station above 1 million kW, designed, constructed and installed by Chinese. The construction started in the 1950s and finished in the 1970s. After completion, the project became the largest hydropower station in China and even in Asia. The design and construction of the project underwent some ups and downs, but was completed successfully eventually. Later on, it was selected as one of “the a hundred classic projects for the 60th anniversary of the founding of New China”. The paper, based on the specific facts of Liujiaxia Hydropower Station, reviews the contribution of Soviet experts to Liujiaxia Hydropower Station, and then reconsiders the influences of “Double Reverse” Movement, the “Great Leap Forward” Movement, “Technological Innovation” Movement and the “Design Revolution” Movement to the construction of Liujiaxia Hydropower Station. Furthermore, it revisits the construction accidents of Liujiaxia Hydropower Station during the “Cultural Revolution” period, and attempts to draw a few lessons in the last. The paper not only affirms the role of Soviet experts in planning, site-choosing and designing of Liujiaxia Hydropower Project, but also points out that in the context of the “anti-rightist”, the Chinese water conservancy departments could supply a more relaxed environment for engineering debate, and Chinese experts stood their ground on the technical issues when disagreeing with the Soviet experts, which led to the Chinese experts’ effec-tive influence on engineering decisions. Besides, under the influence of a series of political movements including the “Double Reverse” Movement, engineering experts had been forced to stand aside, so the construction was de-layed, and the cost increased correspondingly. However, thanks to the sufficient geological survey, core engineer-ing design conforming to the norms, and the effective correction of errors once being discovered, Liujiaxia Hy-dropower Station basically reached the design target.