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"哲学"理论与"工程"实践的关系在西方经历了一个非常复杂的演变过程。这一历史过程预示着思想、范畴以及范式框架等之间的沿袭与悖离,也代表着地位、权力和价值追求的争夺与博弈。以巴门尼德为开端的形上哲学注重思维的静观与沉思,对具体的实践及工程表现出一定程度的鄙视和厌弃;中世纪时则因战争征伐的需要,表现出具体实践及工程对形上哲学的疏离和压制;文艺复兴以后,形上哲学与具体实践及工程逐渐走向了互补融合的道路,并认为在牛顿和玻义耳的范式总结中取得了特殊意义上的"工程哲学"观。从本质上来说,"哲学"理论与"工程"实践关系的演变与传承是其话语权建构的过程,话语权是理解"哲学"理论与"工程"实践关系嬗变的重要内容和表现。 相似文献
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解决“人类纪”的复杂性是一项艰巨的智力任务.我们对科学的态度将会经历戏剧性转变,不仅就其与技术的关系而言是如此,而且就其本身的自我理解一作为现代性产生以来的四百年中确立起来的关键社会建制的自我认同一而言也是如此.如果我们要真正了解什么是利害攸关的事情,复杂性便成为了一个关键词.本文首先对这个“人类纪”时代中科学复杂性的四个重要特征进行点评,而后重点分析了我们这个“人类纪”时代的挑战性迷宫,进而提出,只有满足两个基本条件,科学才会在当前危险的文明转型中发挥决定性作用.本文的贡献是为有待于“认知共同体”中的众多学者一道进行的理论探索进行思想准备. 相似文献
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《黄帝内经》是中医理论的奠基之作,其本身呈现出类似于现代系统论的朴素思想萌芽。以现代系统论的视角,从天人合一、阴阳五行和人体藏象经络等方面着手。本文认为《黄帝内经》在理论建构过程中将人与自然联系起来,形成了天人合一的天人系统观;将人的形、气与阴阳五行联系起来,形成了阴阳五行系统观;将人体组织与各种人体之象联系起来,形成了人体藏象经络系统观。这是一个多层次、多结构的人体综合系统,各系统按照纵向结构和横向结构有机地联系在一起,共同对人体及疾病起着发现、调节、管理、控制的功能和作用。这一系统论思想对于更加深入地把握《黄帝内经》的逻辑脉络、提升对于中医药学理论的价值判断和文化认同也应有重要的学理价值和实践意义。 相似文献
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大庆油田作为中国工业企业的典范,在50年的开发建设历程中,不仅创造了巨量的物质财富,而且积累了宝贵的管理经验。本文通过梳理大庆油田管理的基本历程,总结出大庆油田管理经验的核心特征,即始终坚持马克思主义科学理论为指导的战略管理,始终坚持以“大庆精神”为核心的思想政治工作,始终坚持质量第一的生产管理理念,始终坚持以人为本的人力资源开发与管理,始终坚持自主创新的科技创新管理。大庆的管理经验对建设具有中国特色的工业企业管理体系具有重要的借鉴价值。 相似文献
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城市建设发展战略规划是国家发展战略的重要组成部分。工程研究必须把城市建设发展战略规划作为一个十分重要的研究领域。本文在坚持工程研究“经验转向”的立场下,通过对中国城市建设中实践与发展战略规划之间矛盾与冲突的分析,通过对西方城市规划理论演变的反思,力图从工程研究的角度,来探索城市建设发展战略规划思想的新视野。 相似文献
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With the development of science and technology, engineering practices have become more and more complex, which have resulted in a great deal of complex engineering systems. The elements of such systems are so numerous and jumbled, and the nonlinear interaction between the elements is so strong that traditional engineering methodology is no longer suitable to cope with such kind of engineering practices. Under such circumstances, some thoughts from complexity science, especially those of self-organization theory, have been drawn to solve the complex engineering problems. And some new ideas and methods have thus sprung out. Based on the literature review, the authors of this thesis clarify the concept of complex engineering system and its features. Besides, they also discuss the latest progress of the research on self-organization issue concerning complex engineering system from three aspects: on the self-property of complex engineering system, on the self-organizing mechanism of complex engineering system and on the relationship between self-organization and hetero-organization in complex engineering system. The effectiveness of the research from simulation still needs to be tested through the real engineering practice. The general principles and laws of constructing complex engineering system still need to be explored. The research on self-property of complex engineering system could not satisfy the need of engineering practice. And the problem of how to balance the relationship between self-organization and hetero-organization in constructive process of complex engineering system needs to be further studied. Dealing with all these problems requires not only the advancement in engineering science, but also the contribution of engineering philosophy, which is especially useful to the development of engineering methodology. 相似文献
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《工程研究》2012,4(4):404-419
In the 20 years from the late 19th century to early 20th century, industry developed rapidly in Europe and the U.S. During this period new branches of engineering science came into being. In order to have deep understanding of engineering science, the author chooses American Institute of Chemical Engineers as her case study target. On the basis of important sources and literatures, the paper made a study on the history of the formulation of chemical engineering as a new discipline from the perspectives of historiography and sociology of science. The paper shows that in the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the U.S, chemical engineers has become a new profession, and chemical engineering as a discipline is gradually shaped by the interaction and intersection of chemistry and mechanical engineering. In 1888, Boston Institute of Technology (the predecessor of MIT) started to design chemical engineering courses and to train engineers needed in chemical industry. Chemical engineers paid more attention to the connection of their work with pure chemistry and mechanical engineering. They tried to find out their own professional and knowledge boundaries in industry. The chemical industry grew along with the formation of chemical engineer groups and institutionalization of chemical engineering education. In such a context, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers was established in 1908. The AIChE was a distinguished mark of the institutionalization of chemical engineering. It played an important role in the shaping and promoting of the new discipline: defining the professional identity of the chemical engineer; constructing a platform of academic communication; clarifying the boundary of chemical engineering and the relationship among chemical engineering, chemistry, mechanical engineering and other disciplines; reforming the education of chemical engineering at American universities, standardizing the curriculum of chemical engineering; promoting the connection among academic institutions, universities and enterprises. 相似文献
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从工程与科学技术辩证关系的角度,在四个方面讨论了工程在创新驱动发展中的作用和意义.从劳动与劳动工具对人类进化和发展过程中的关键作用入手,讨论了工程的本质以及科学、技术、工程三者的关系,认为三者处于“无首尾逻辑”的不断循环的融合体状态,三者互相依赖、互相推动,而工程直接联系着技术的应用和科学的基础,在这一循环中起着“扳机”和载体的作用.以中国航天经历仿制阶段、自主研制阶段、跟踪发展阶段以及开始步入创新驱动发展新时期的58 年发展历程为例,论述了以重大工程带动科技发展对我国来说是一条成功之路.提出在未来的创新驱动发展中要坚持两项原则:一是坚持通过重大工程带动科技发展和社会进步;二是要将基础科研按其本身的特点并吸纳重大工程的成功经验制定发展规划.讨论了工程成果对于科学发展的基础作用,提出工程成果不仅是现代基础科学取得重大突破的必要手段和基础,还牵引着诸多基础学科的生成,完善和推动基础学科的发展;工程设施所提供的成果,既是设计成果、验证结果,也是运营的伴行装置;既是对象的物理表现,也是模型化认识的基础科学.对工程师的使命强调了三点认识:一是要依据系统工程的原则、方法和程序指导工程实践,一项重大工程系统在其运行中,必然要包括“非拥护性评审”以及相应的机会成本权衡;二是系统工程实施的第一步是工程需求论证,而复杂工程系统的需求论证必须是全域性的,涉及技术、经济、社会的诸多方面,否则可能造成巨大的损失;三是科技进步将人类社会推到高科技时代的同时,也把我们带进了为科技进步和工程建设而付出的各种代价之中,工程师要与科学家携手,通过“科学一技术一工程”无首尾逻辑的综合运用,共同解决当代民生难点课题,这是工程师的? 相似文献
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工程造物正在面临一个“大工程时代 ”的来临,工程活动的成败将不仅取决于“工程职业共同体”的职业素养,也取决于“工程活动共同体”的综合素养.如果说“工程职业共同体”关注的是工程科学与技术,那么“工程活动共同体”则还要关注工程协作与社会反馈,因此,以社会为工程建构背景的社会工程视域是分析“大工程”特征、促进“大工程”发展的必然选择.新型城镇化作为典型的政府主导的“大工程”造物,其实施过程时间长、规模大、投资多、对经济社会影响深远.在社会工程的视域下,推动新型城市化按照科学发展的轨道运行,要加强对工程决策和工程建构过程中的目标设计和模式调控,同时,认识到政府决策者是理性有限的、具有可错性的“社会人”,对于避免乌托邦式的造物工程、实施渐进式工程活动、推进以人为本的新型城镇化建设具有重要意义. 相似文献
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工程史在中国已经出现分立发展的良好势头,正在成为学科之林破土而出的一株“新苗”.技术史和包含着技术史的科学技术史,以及由工程史和技术史综合而成的工程技术史,都是与工程史有着极密切关系的亲缘学科.同样以工程活动作为研究对象的工程学、工程哲学,是工程史的并立同源学科,三者在基本内容、核心课题方面有相对明晰的区分,不能相互替代.构想中的工程史学科结构,将正在萌生和有待创建的分支学科归并为基础工程史、综合工程史、部门类别工程史、工程社会活动史、专项工程制度史、专项工程成就史等几个学科群组. 相似文献
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系统工程的发展与应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
重点介绍了钱学森提出的综合集成方法,基于这个方法,系统工程已经发展到复杂巨系统工程和社会系统工程阶段。总体设计部是运用综合集成方法、应用系统工程技术的实体部门,是实现综合集成工程的关键所在。文中也指出了这些进展在实际中的应用价值和意义。 相似文献
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On account of the fact that engineering has been evolving, it should be studied in the view of evolution theory. The study of engineering evolution is not only of theoretical significance but also of practical importance. Engineering evolution is a must for the profound study of engineering philosophy. There is close relationship among the evolution of engineering theory, engineering history, and engineering philosophy. From the point of view of rhetoric, philosophy of language and cognitive science, this paper analyzes the method of metaphor and explains the similar yet different relationship between the theory of life evolution and the theory of engineering evolution. And the paper comes to a conclusion that only when the engineering evolution undergoes a transformation from considering evolution as a metaphor to a theoretical innovation, could it be an independent theory in the academic field. 相似文献
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The institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics is to efficiently implement and apply the concept and research achievements of engineering and technology ethics into engineering activities by establishing effective institutions and organizations. German engineering and technology ethics has gained valuable experience in this respect. About the theoretical demonstrations on ethical institutionalization, there're mainly: Gehlen’s anthropological demonstration on the objective of institutionalization, and Ropohl's demonstration from the view of society-technology system theory while Hubig's from the viewpoint of axiology. And in Germany, the practical applications of the institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics chiefly include the establishment of various institutionalized organizations at the levels from federation, state to the public, and the promulgation and implementation of ethical guidelines for Association of German Engineers. Reviewing the experiences and characteristics of the institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics in Germany would not only be helpful to the enrichment of our theories of engineering and technology ethics, but also be of significant reference value for the the application of engineering and technology ethics in practice. 相似文献
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地震预警是国内外地学研究的热点,是复杂的社会工程.地震预警工程是跨学科的工程,特别是涉及自然科学和社会科学的结合.本文就地震预警的一些基本概念和由地震预警原理带来的工程上的若干问题,进行了比较详细的讨论.介绍了地震预警的概念和种类、地震预警的模式、地震预警的能力,强调了地震预警盲区、受益区、无效区的不同能力,提出了地震预警第一报的重要性.指出了地震预警技术不仅带来减灾效果,还催生了密集地震观测网,突破了传统地震观测网的观测方式和处理方法,将为传统的地震观测学和实时地震学带来创新和变革.论述了当前地震预警技术的局限和存在的问题.结合国内外地震预警的现状,提出了地震预警工程需要注意的问题及需要研究的方向,指出地震预警是复杂的社会工程,首次提出了地震预警的社会容忍度及社会对地震预警容忍度的差异,同时探讨了地震预警效益和风险. 相似文献