Research on the attitude regulation of 3-DOF hover system

Quadrotor helicopter is emerging as a popular platform for unmanned aerial vehicle re- search, due to its simplicity of structure and maintenance as well as the capability of hovering and vertical take-off and landing. The attitude controller is an important feature of quadrotor helicopter since it allows the vehicle to keep balance and perform the desired maneuver. In this paper, nonlin- ear control strategies including active disturbance rejection control （ADRC）, sliding mode control （SMC） and backstepping method are studied and implemented to stabilize the attitude of a 3-DOF hover system. ADRC is an error-driven control law, with extended state observer （ESO） estimating the unmodeled inner dynamics and external disturbance to dynamically compensate their impacts. Meanwhile; both backstepping technique and SMC are developed based on the mathematical model, whose stability is ensured by Lyapunov global stability theorem. Furthermore, the performance of each control algorithm is evaluated by experiments. The results validate effectiveness of the strate- gies for attitude regulation. Finally, the respective characteristics of the three controllers are high- lighted by-comparison, and conclusions are drawn on the basis of the theoretical and experimental a- nalysis.     

A new robust fuzzy method for unmanned flying vehicle control

A new general robust fuzzy approach was presented to control the position and the attitude of unmanned flying vehicles(UFVs). Control of these vehicles was challenging due to their nonlinear underactuated behaviors. The proposed control system combined great advantages of generalized indirect adaptive sliding mode control(IASMC) and fuzzy control for the UFVs. An on-line adaptive tuning algorithm based on Lyapunov function and Barbalat lemma was designed, thus the stability of the system can be guaranteed. The chattering phenomenon in the sliding mode control was reduced and the steady error was also alleviated. The numerical results, for an underactuated quadcopter and a high speed underwater vehicle as case studies, indicate that the presented adaptive design of fuzzy sliding mode controller performs robustly in the presence of sensor noise and external disturbances. In addition, online unknown parameter estimation of the UFVs, such as ground effect and planing force especially in the cases with the Gaussian sensor noise with zero mean and standard deviation of 0.5 m and 0.1 rad and external disturbances with amplitude of 0.1 m/s2 and frequency of 0.2 Hz, is one of the advantages of this method. These estimated parameters are then used in the controller to improve the trajectory tracking performance.     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的无人直升机姿态解算

针对某型无人直升机飞行过程中振动较大,姿态难以精确获取的问题,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波技术进行解算. 该方法以惯性测量单元的角速度和加速度的比力作为输入,并通过振动数据的融合,实时获取姿态信息,有效降低了无人直升机振动对姿态精度的影响. 仿真和实际飞行验证了该方法的有效性.     

运动状态下机器人关节面物理参数在线模糊辨识方法

利用模糊自动推理方法,提出了一种辨识运动状态下机器人关节面时变物理参数的方法。该方法是在原有模糊聚类法的基础上,推导出的在线自适应模糊推理算法,可应用在时变非线性系统参数在线辨识中。以三自由度单臂机器人为研究对象,建立了机器人运动状态下的动力学模型,利用该自适应模糊推理算法在线辨识此动力学模型中的机器人关节面时变物理参数。由于该方法采用局部估计算法,实验结果表明,该方法具有工程实用价值。     

基于有源自回归模型与模糊C-均值聚类的挖掘机液压系统故障诊断

为了提高挖掘机的可靠性水平和智能化程度,提出了基于有源自回归(ARX)模型与模糊C-均值(FCM)聚类的挖掘机液压系统故障诊断方法。该方法将故障诊断分成故障特征提取和故障分类两个部分。在故障特征提取中,针对已知故障和测试故障分别建立ARX模型,提取ARX模型的自回归系数作为故障特征。在故障分类中,以FCM聚类作为故障分类器,将测试故障归入已知故障的某个分类中,判断系统的故障类型。仿真和实验结果表明,ARX模型与FCM聚类相结合的故障诊断方法能有效地应用于挖掘机液压系统。     

基于Bayes技术的小型无人直升机灰箱建模

高精度的动态模型是实现小型无人直升机高性能自主飞行控制的基础.给出了在灰箱建模框架下辨识小型无人直升机动态模型的系统性方法.在合理的假设下,将非线性机理运动方程简化并进行横、纵向解耦,在悬停点附近线性化得到横、纵向的参数化状态空间模型,以区间均匀分布的方式合理表达了待辨识参数的先验分布.将辨识问题构造成Bayes的极大后验（MAP）估计问题,并进一步转化为约束非线性优化问题,采用拟牛顿法求解.辨识步骤在离散时域中进行,利用sinch算法将连续时域的状态空间参数化问题映射到离散域.提出的小型无人直升机灰箱建模方法有效减少了对辨识实验的要求,获得的对象连续域状态空间模型具有良好的预报精度,并适用于控制器的设计.     

固定翼无人机自适应滑模控制

针对固定翼无人机的姿态和速度控制中存在不确定和外部扰动的问题,设计自适应超螺旋滑模干扰观测器和控制器,实现了固定翼无人机对速度指令和姿态指令的有限时间精确跟踪.首先建立固定翼无人机速度模型和基于四元数的姿态误差模型;进而在该模型的基础上针对无人机飞行过程中的外部扰动和不确定问题,采用自适应超螺旋滑模算法设计干扰观测器对干扰和不确定进行快速估计,并在此基础上设计多变量超螺旋控制器使固定翼无人机快速、精确地跟踪期望的速度和姿态指令;最后基于Lyapunov理论证明了该系统的稳定性.仿真结果表明:所提出的综合控制策略可以实现固定翼无人机速度与姿态的快速精确跟踪并具有良好的鲁棒自适应能力,而且针对无人机不同的飞行指令,使用该控制策略都能使无人机快速稳定的达到预期目标.     

Monocular Vision Based Relative Localization For Fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Landing

基于单目视觉的固定翼无人机自主着陆定位研究

许彧文,曹云峰,张洲宇

（南京航空航天大学 航天学院, 南京 210000）

中文说明：

近年来,无人机自主着陆技术已成为无人机导航、制导与控制系统的核心技术。为解决自主着陆过程中固定翼无人机与跑道之间基于视觉的相对位置和姿态估计问题,本文利用机载相机拍摄的序列图像,通过边缘检测的方式获取跑道角点信息,进一步基于正交迭代算法确定六自由度的位姿参数：首先基于频域残差对图像进行显著性分析,通过连通域标记和候选框筛选估计跑道所在的感兴趣区域;然后在感兴趣区域中提取跑道的边缘直线,由于着陆末端跑道纵向边缘具有明显的长度和相位特征,在利用霍夫变换定位纵向边缘的基础上,结合跑道平面梯度信息估计横向边缘位置,解决了传统的霍夫变换计算耗时,且难以检测端点的问题;最后将角点图像坐标作为输入,通过线性算法获取旋转矩阵初值,在此基础上以目标空间误差为误差函数,通过正交迭代优化参数估计结果,图像点坐标误差较小时,该方法相比线性算法精度明显提升,且具有良好的实时性。

关键词：自主着陆,视觉导航,感兴趣区域,边缘检测,正交迭代

     

直升机纵向系统鲁棒滑模控制律设计

在建立系统全包线T-S模糊模型的基础上,基于系统品质要求和可测状态约束条件,采用参数鲁棒设计方法,确定反馈控制参数的可用集合,实现等效控制律,相应确定系统的滑模面参数,给出了直升机纵向控制系统的全包线滑模控制律设计结果。仿真结果显示,系统具有较强的抗外界干扰能力,动态品质满足指标要求,表明文中提出的设计方法可行且有效。     

小型无人直升机分层混杂控制系统

基于分层简化思想和混杂系统理论,设计了具有三层结构的小型无人直升机混杂控制系统：下层的运动控制层是由多个不同形式的单模态控制器构成的连续动态系统,每个控制器对应于直升机的一个飞行模态;中间的动作规划层进行多个单模态控制器之间的稳定切换,并给出直升机的飞行参考轨迹;上层的飞行调度层根据状态信息产生离散事件,发出控制器调度指令.采用分层混杂控制系统的小型无人直升机,在实际应用中完成了三维空间内的矩形航线飞行,实际飞行数据验证了控制系统的有效性.     

船舶航行的模糊模型建模及航向控制

为了进一步对船舶行操舵控制的研究,应用模糊系统理论对船舶航行操舵控制建立了一个模糊模型;并彩神经网络方法对模糊模型的参数进行了辨识和估计,此模糊模型的建立使控制设计摆脱了数学模型,同时为下一步进行控制方案选择和设计打下了基础,仿真结果表明,船舶航行模糊模型及参数辨识方法是有效的,并给出针对某一船舶的模糊模型的具体形式;仿真结果也表明了船舶航行控制效果良好性。     

灰箱辨识在连续回转电液伺服马达中的应用

为能准确地获得新型连续回转电液伺服马达系统的性能参数,建立了系统的灰箱辨识模型,采用灰箱建模理论进行参数辨识,通过matlab辨识工具箱利用液压系统已知的参数来辨识难以求得的参数.该辨识是一种基于系统物理结构和输入输出测量数据的方法,不但利用了系统的先验物理知识,而且考虑了过程噪声所造成的模型不确定性,能够很好地把握实际系统行为的本质.实验结果证明:该方法对于获得准确液压系统性能参数,建立一个准确模型是非常有效的.     

Predicting the martensite transformation start-temperature of low alloy steel based on fuzzy identification

A method of fuzzy identification based on T-S fuzzy model was proposed for predicting temperature Ms from chemical composition, austenitizing temperature and time for low alloy steel. The degree of membership of each sample was calculated with fuzzy clustering algorithm. Kalman filtering was used to identify the consequent parameters. Compared with the results obtained by empirical models based on the same data, the results by the fuzzy method showed good precision. The accuracy of the fuzzy model is almost 6 times higher than that of the best empirical model. The influence of alloying elements, austenitizing temperature and time on Ms was analyzed quantitatively by using the fuzzy model. It is shown that there exists a nonlinear relationship between the contents of alloying elements in steels and their Ms, and the effects of austenitizing temperature and time on Ms temperature cannot be neglected.     

无人直升机发动机恒转速广义预测控制

采用基于受控自回归积分滑动平均值模型的广义预测控制和总距前馈补偿相结合的复合控制策略设计恒转速控 制器,实现进入恒转速闭环控制模式发动机的恒转速控制。针对实际中的几种典型情况进行仿真,与传统PID控制进行对比, 并做地面系留试验。离线仿真和地面系留试验结果表明,所设计的控制器鲁棒性强,能满足小型无人直升机对发动机的跟踪 性、抗干扰性要求,保证直升机主旋翼在各种飞行状态下恒速运转,以获得最佳的气动效率。     

Robust State Feedback H∞Control for Dynamic Biped Robot Based on T-S Fuzzy Model

T-S fuzzy model was applied to describe nonlinear system and global fuzzy model was expressed by the form of uncertain system. Based on robust state feedback H∞control strategy, designed a global asymptotic steady fuzzy model. This control system can use the experimental input-output data pairs for the biped robot learning and walking with dynamic balance. It is proved by simulation result that robust state feedback H∞ control method based on T-S fuzzy model can effectively restrain the effect of model uncertainties and external disturbance acting on biped robot. From these works, we showed the satisfactory performance of joint tracking without any chattering.     

Novel On-Line North-Seeking Method Based on a Three-Axis MEMS Gyroscope

A novel on-line north-seeking method based on a three-axis micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) gyroscope is designed. This system processes data by using a Kalman filter to calibrate the installation error of the three-axis MEMS gyroscope in complex environment. The attitude angle updating for quaternion, based on which the attitude instrument will be rotated in real-time and the true north will be found. Our experimental platform constitutes the dual-axis electric rotary table and the attitude instrument, which is developed independently by our scientific research team. The experimental results show that the accuracy of north-seeking is higher than 1°, while the maximum root mean square error and the maximum mean absolute error are 0.906 7 and 0.910 0, respectively. The accuracy of north-seeking is much higher than the traditional method.     

外圆纵向磨削表面粗糙度的模糊预测与控制

在大量实验数据和专家经验基础上,建立了外圆纵向磨削零件表面粗糙度Ra的模糊预测和模糊控制模型。对影响表面粗糙度的12个主要变量进行了深入研究,并对其中的7个主要变量的成员函数和模糊规则进行了详细介绍。该模型能根据磨削条件和工件参数的变化,不断地调整磨削参数。将所得结果输入到模糊自适应控制器中,系统即可实时调整工件转速,得到符合要求的表面粗糙度。试验结果表明:表面粗糙度的模糊预测和控制方法非常有效,可操作性强,尤其适用于非线性、多变量的工况。     

基于模糊神经网络的模糊辨识方法及其应用研究

利用模糊神经网络（FNN）的学习能力从控制操作的现场数据中获取模糊规则,并自动调节隶属函数,把建模的过程转化为FNN网络结构多数的生成与学习问题。用于一个非线性过程的模糊模型参数辨识问题,取得了满意的结果。     

一种基于改进FCM划分算法的T—S模型辨识

鉴于以往T—S模型建模过程中,在模糊划分上存在主观性的差异,提出了一种基于改进模糊C-均值算法的模糊划分方法,使划分结果尽可能地依赖于原始数据的分布情况,进而将该模糊划分算法用于多输入单输出非线性系统的基于T—S模型模糊辨识。在用该方法对多参量水质评价系统进行基于T—S模型模糊辨识建模时,取得了较好的验证效果。该研究结果表明,基于改进模糊C-均值划分算法的T—S模型辨识能在模糊综合评价与决策等应用领域中取得较好的应用效果。     

自适应LOS制导结合MPC控制的车辆循迹优化

为提升无人驾驶车辆循迹过程的动态响应能力,确保车辆能快速且稳定地跟踪参考路线,首先基于模糊控制的思想,在传统视线(line-of-sight, LOS)制导策略中引入了时变前视距离,提出了改进后的自适应LOS制导策略,把目标轨迹的跟踪简化为目标点航向的跟踪。其次,建立车辆三自由度动力学模型,并结合自适应LOS状态方程设计路径跟踪系统的线性数学模型。最后,基于模型预测原理,使用多步预测、滚动实时优化、反馈校正等控制方式,求解出最优反馈的方向盘控制指令。本文为验证上述所提及跟踪策略的有效性,在Simulink仿真环境中分别以直线路径和曲线路径作为参考轨迹进行追踪仿真实验,结果表明:所提自适应LOS制导策略能使循迹车辆的轨迹横向误差和航向误差迅速地收敛到零,从而验证了改进LOS制导算法可以提高无人车路径跟踪的响应速度和平稳性。