Extraction of electrons by magnetite and ferrihydrite from hydrogen-producing Clostridium bifermentans by strengthening the acetate production pathway

Conductive mineral nanoparticles, such as magnetite, can promote interspecies electron transfer between syntrophic partners.However, the effect of magnetite has only been inferred in intraspecific electron output. Herein, a hydrogen-producing strain,namely, Clostridium bifermentans, which holds several electron output pathways, was used to study the effect of magnetite on the intraspecific electron output manner. Additionally, insulated amorphous ferrihydrite, which was used as an extracellular electron acceptor, was selected to compare with magnetite. Electrons, which were originally used to generate hydrogen, were shunted with the addition of magnetite and ferrihydrite, which resulted in the reduction of hydrogen production and accumulation of Fe(II). Interestingly, more electrons(39.7% and 53.5%) were extracted by magnetite and ferrihydrite, respectively, which led to less production of butyrate and more acetate. More importantly, the increased electron extraction efficiency suggested that electroactive microorganisms can switch metabolic pathways to adapt to electron budget pressure in intraspecific systems. This work broadens the understanding of the interaction between iron oxides and fermentative hydrogen-producing microbes that hold the capacity of Fe(III) reduction.     

Mutagenesis and selection of high efficiency hydrogenproducing mutants by ultraviolet radiation

Energy sources are extremely important for theworld to survive, develop and prosper. At present, fos-sil fuels are the major global energy resource but theycause environmental problems during combustion, suchas global warming and acid rain, which have started toaffect the earth’s climate, weather condition, vegeta-tion and aquatic ecosystems, as well as creating serioushealth issues[1 -3]. Considering the energy security andthe global environment, there is a pressing need to ex-ploit new non-…     

Optimization of detecting hydrogenase activity for acidogenic fermentation of activated sludge

In order to evaluate the hydrogen-producing efficiency of anaerobic activated sludge in Anaerobic Baffled Reactor(ABR)fermentation processes,the optimal conditions for hydrogen producing hydrogenase method on methyl viologen(MV)assay was used to detect the hydrogen production activity of the activated sludge.The most favorable parameters such as 0.6 mL sodium acetate buffer(pH 5.0),100 μL lysozyme,0.2 mL sodium dibromoethane(9.0 mmol/L)and 0.7 mmol/L iron added into 1 mL activated sludge(2.66～26.64 gMLVSS/L)were found.Furthermore,reaction temperature and culture time were detected as 40 ℃ and 30 min respectively.Sodium thiosulfate and sodium sulfides were taken as the reducing agent while trichloroacetic acid as terminator.Under the MV optimal conditions,micro-toxic Dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)get higher security and better accuracy.The sensitivity of the detection methods(DMSO as electron carrier)was increased by more than 30%.The results show that the optimal conditions can be applied to measure hydrogenase activity correlating with its specific hydrogen production rate in a hydrogen-producing anaerobic activated sludge system.     

产氢菌株Clostridium sp.T7的快速筛选

取自潮间带的污泥分别在不同温度下（80、100、121,℃）进行热休克预处理,富集产氢菌群并测定其产氢量,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析混合菌群组成.结果表明：3种热处理条件下混合菌群的产氢量都要高于对照未处理菌群.DGGE图谱表明,与80、100,℃热休克处理混合菌群相比,经121,℃热休克处理富集的混合菌群,其电泳条带最少,测序结果发现该混合菌群中包括产氢菌Clostridium sp..从该混合菌群中纯化并鉴定了1株产氢菌株Clostridiumsp.T7（登录号HM104461）.培养温度对菌株T7产氢有一定影响,温度在25～55,℃范围内菌株Clostridium sp.T7都能产氢,最适产氢温度是35,℃.     

一株分离自潮间带污泥细菌Clostridium sp. T7产氢特性分析

产氢菌株Clostridium sp. T7分离自天津海水浴场潮间带的污泥.研究起始pH、碳源、氮源、NaCl质量分数对菌株T7产氢性质的影响.结果表明：菌株T7最适产氢的起始pH是6.0,能够利用蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖等碳源发酵产氢.菌株T7能够利用牛肉膏和酵母粉为单一氮源产氢,不能利用蛋白胨为氮源进行产氢.NaCl质量分数能影响菌株T7的产氢量,海水培养条件（NaCl质量分数为3%）下,最高产氢量是每摩尔葡萄糖（1.48,±0.05）mol,相比之下,淡水培养条件下其产氢量提高20%.NaCl质量分数在0.4%～7%时,菌株T7都能够产氢,这表明菌株T7有望应用于淡水或高盐有机废水产氢领域.     

Homogeneous detection of human IgG by gold nanoparticle probes

A simple, and homogeneous detection system for human IgG based on the optical properties of aggregated gold nanoparticles probes were investigated. When gold nanoparticles with about 13 nm in diameter were modified by goat anti-human IgG, the addition of human IgG could change the absorption of colloidal gold solution, and the absorption intensity at 740 nm depended on the amount of human IgG. The aggregation of gold nanoparticles was also validated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A series of experiments were carried out to study the effects of pH value, the reaction temperature, and non-specific adsorption on the assay. A dynamic range of 10–500 μg/3 mL human IgG was observed. The new bioassay could be used for the rapid and homogeneous detection of antibodies in bioanalytical chemistry.     

金霉素对猪场废水厌氧消化抑制作用

为探明抗生素对猪场废水厌氧消化的抑制作用,以金霉素作为抑制剂,采取批次试验的方法,对厌氧消化过程的产甲烷量进行测定.试验结果表明:厌氧污泥降解模拟废水的最大容积产甲烷速率为19.6mL/(L·h);在金霉素抑制下,最大容积产甲烷速率降低了47.4%.在无抗生素的情况下,产甲烷过程是厌氧消化的限速步骤;存在10mg/L金霉素时,水解发酵和产氢产乙酸过程受到较强的抑制,视为厌氧消化的限速步骤.金霉素对猪场废水厌氧消化有较强的抑制作用,为保证厌氧处理的稳定性,应针对水解发酵和产氢产乙酸过程采取相应的强化措施.     

不同预处理方法对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响

对种泥进行预处理,能去除不产芽孢的耗氢菌,可以达到加快有机废水发酵生物制氢系统启动进程,提高污泥产氢效能的目的.为寻求适宜的种泥预处理方法,利用摇瓶发酵实验,考察城市污水处理厂好氧活性污泥分别经酸、碱、热、曝气、CHCl3和二溴乙烷磺酸钠（BES）预处理后,其利用葡萄糖发酵产氢的特性.结果表明,在初始pH 7.0、葡萄...     

Morphology of Barium Hydrogen Phosphate Formation Induced by Phosphate-Mineralization Microbe

Phosphate-mineralization microbe was chosen to study the influences of bacterial mixture,filtrate,bacteria solution,bacterial body and bacterial secretion on barium hydrogen phosphate crystal formation.The chemical compositions and structures of samples were characterized with scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and X-ray diffraction techniques(XRD),revealing that the crystal morphology of barium hydrogen phosphate was dumbbell-shaped pattern,nanoparticles via aggregate clusters,irregular sphere with different sizes.The results indicated that bacterial body and bacterial secretion could induce the formation of irregular quadrilateral and spheres,respectively.But the effect of bacterial secretion was stronger than that of bacterial body when induced barium hydrogen phosphate crystal in bacteria solution.However,the crystals form could be affected only in bacterial mixture,but filtrate could induce the formation of nanoparticles.As a result,the bacteria and metabolites play an important role in the process of crystal nucleation,growth,and accumulation of barium hydrogen phosphate.     

咔唑保护的金纳米粒子的光限幅性质研究

利用波长为532 nm,脉宽为8 ns的激光研究了咔唑保护的金纳米粒子在二甲苯中的光限幅特性.研究表明,这种金纳米粒子具有很强的光限幅效应.利用基于米氏散射理论的模型分析了光限幅效应,实验及分析表明,强的光限幅效应是由非线性散射引起的.     

Magnesium improves hydrogen production by a novel fermentative hydrogen-producing bacterial strain B49

Hydrogenisaclean, effectiveandrenewableen ergy, andisanultimatereplacementforfossilhydro carbonfuelsinthefuture. Biohydrogenfromwasteisattractiveduetosimultaneousenergyrecoveryandenvi ronmentalcleanup. Biohydrogengenerationbyphoto andnon photosyntheticbacteriahasbeenstudiedexten sively[1 4]. Ingeneral, metalionsforenzymeshavetwofunctions. Oneistoserveasacofactor, whichisresponsiblefortransferringelectron, atomandfunction algroups; theotherisasanactivatortoimproveactivi tyofenzymes. Therea…     

Increase Hydrogen Production by Hydrogen-producing Mutant UV-d48 in Comparison with Wild Parent Strain Etanoligenens sp ZGX4

Hydrogen production by hydrogen-producing mutant strain UV-d48 was one typical ethanol-type fermentative H2-producing mutant, which the main metabolic end production was ethanol and acetic acid. Compare to the wild type strain, the activity of hydrogenase of mutant UV-d48 was stronger in course of growth and fermentation. It can evolve hydrogen at stronger ability and a greater rate than that of its parent wild type, namely ZGX4. Resting cells of UVd48 and Ethanoligenens sp ZGX4 were set up in a batch mode in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to decouple growth from hydrogen production at the expense of glucose of varying composition. Mutant UV-d48 evolved more hydrogen than ZGX4at glucose concentrations ranging from 2 mmol/L to 200 mmol/L. The difference in the amount of H2 evolved by both strains decreased as the concentration of glucose increased. The maximal H2 yield and H2-producing rate by strain UV-d48 was 3091.1 mL/L and 54 mL/(hODunitL) respectively, at a glucose concentration of 60 mmol/L. With strain ZGX4, the maximal H2 yield and H2-producing rate was 2 180.2 mL/L and 33 mL/(hODunitL) under these conditions, respectively.Experiments using wastewater with certain content molasses yielded similar results. In each case, strain UV-d48 evolved hydrogen at a faster rate than the wild type, showing a possible potential for commercial hydrogen production.     

离子液体中纳米金催化剂的制备及其催化活性

介绍了在离子液体[C6mim]PF6中,以HAuCl4为金源,以水合肼为还原剂,用溶胶-凝胶法一步合成复合纳米Au/SiO2催化剂,并考察了离子液体用量在制备催化剂的过程中的作用。利用XRD、TEM、N2吸附等表征手段对合成的产物进行表征。表征结果显示,SiO2负载Au纳米粒子呈现球形外观,尺寸均匀,分散度良好,而其中Au纳米粒子的粒径在2～3nm。在对甲烷催化氧化的反应中,以复合纳米Au/SiO2作为催化剂,甲烷的转化率最高可以达到24.9%。     

Ni_3Al金属间化合物纳米粒子的制备及表征

以镍铝金属块为原料,利用氢电弧等离子体法制备出的产物经X射线衍射(XRD)表征,证明产物为结晶性好的Ni3Al纳米粒子。通过透射电镜(TEM)观察发现,粒子多为球形,其粒径在5~50 nm之间。实验发现,在一定范围内,工作电压越高、氢气含量越高,纳米Ni3Al产率越高。在氮气气氛下对产物进行热重分析,结果表明Ni3Al纳米粒子在800℃氮气气氛下可以稳定存在。     

硫酸盐还原过程中氢分压的平衡与调节

采用两相厌氧工艺系统的产酸相反应器处理硫酸盐废水,通过连续流试验考察硫酸盐还原过程中分子氢的产生和去路．试验结果表明：在硫酸盐还原过程中,分子氢的产生者是产酸菌(AB)、产氢产乙酸菌(HPA)和利用脂肪酸的硫酸盐还原菌(ESRB);分子氢的消费者主要是利用氢的硫酸盐还原菌(HSRB)、产酸菌、产氢产乙酸菌和硫酸盐还原菌之间生物链式的协同代谢关系是维持系统低氢分压的前提．同时,揭示出在微生物的协同作用下,种间氢转移的途径和反应体系中氢分压的平衡与调节规律．     

纳米金/琼脂糖复合凝胶制备及其催化性能

以琼脂糖作为模板、稳定剂和还原剂,通过一步法合成了纳米金粒子及纳米金/琼脂糖复合凝胶,对纳米金粒子进行了表征,并以对硝基苯酚催化还原为模型反应研究了纳米金/琼脂糖复合凝胶的催化性能.结果表明,纳米金粒子为球状,粒径为1~10nm,分布较均一;纳米金/琼脂糖复合凝胶表现出明显的催化活性,在实验条件下完全反应时间约为30min.在重复利用实验中,该复合凝胶的催化性能随使用次数增多有一定下降.通过琼脂糖和氯金酸一步法制备纳米金/琼脂糖复合凝胶,方法简单、使用方便、后处理容易,为新型纳米金属催化剂的设计、合成及应用提供了新的思路.     

酸氧化掺金方法改善碳纳米管的电接触特性

采用硝酸回流方式在碳纳米管表面构造缺陷及含氧官能团,处理后的碳纳米管在氯金酸溶液中超声震荡,经过氢气热还原将氧化态的金还原为0价态的金.扫描电子显微图片及红外吸收光谱表明酸处理成功地在碳纳米管管壁及端部构造了缺陷及羟基、羧基等含氧亲水官能团.形貌表征表明在碳纳米管管壁尤其是端部成功地掺杂了纳米粒子,并且X射线光电子谱表明该纳米粒子是0价态的金.掺杂后碳纳米管的拉曼光谱中G带波数增大说明对碳纳米管掺杂金为P型掺杂.采用介电电泳法分别将碳纳米管原样与掺金碳纳米管样品组装到金电极之间,掺杂使碳纳米管与金电极之间的接触电阻得到明显的降低,电阻值平均降幅高达69.20%.     

发酵产氢细菌分离培养的厌氧实验操作技术

厌氧产氢细菌的分离纯化与培养是发酵法生物制氢技术的基础课题之一,现有厌氧细菌的分离制备技术和培养基分别存在着操作繁琐和成份复杂问题．通过厌氧培养技术比较和细菌生长试验,确定了“煮沸吹氮去氧,固液交替分离”的厌氧产氢细菌分离纯化培养程序,改进了Hungate技术和建立了新的宽体窄颈培养瓶平板技术,通过培养基组成成份的增减和细菌增长、种类和数量的研究确立了厌氧发酵产氢细菌的分离和富集培养基．利用这些厌氧培养技术,已成功分离培养了550余厌氧菌株系．     

可控纳米流体的制备及热导率研究

为了研究纳米流体的一步法制备中不同条件对纳米颗粒粒径的影响，使用醇盐水解法制备了水-SiO2纳米流体.利用激光粒度分析仪和透射电镜（TEM）对纳米颗粒粒径大小及其分布进行了测量，利用zeta 电位仪及长时间的观测,分析了系统的稳定性，利用激光闪光法, 测量不同粒径和不同浓度的纳米流体热导率的提高.结果表明，纳米SiO2颗粒可控制在50~200 nm.由醇盐水解方法制备的纳米流体稳定性好.当纳米流体的体积分数为1.3％时，平均粒径为70 nm的SiO2纳米流体的热导率比纯水提高24％，而热导率的增加对温度的提高不敏感.     

对苯二酚在金、银纳米粒子修饰的玻碳电极上电化学响应的比较

制备了柠檬酸钠保护的金和银纳米粒子,并用自组装法制备了金和银纳米粒子修饰的玻碳电极,在近中性的磷酸缓冲溶液中,比较研究对苯二酚在金和银纳米粒子修饰玻碳电极上的电化学响应情况。结果表明金和银纳米粒子均对对苯二酚的电氧化过程具有优越的电催化效果;与银纳米粒子修饰电极相比,金纳米粒子修饰电极表现出了良好的稳定性;对苯二酚在金纳米粒子修饰玻碳电极上的电化学反应是受扩散控制的。