Methane oxidation in soils with different textures and land use

Intact core samples from soils with different textures and land use were tested for their capacity to oxidise methane. The soil cores were taken from arable land, grassland and forest. It was found that coarse textured soils (6.74–16.38 μg CH₄ m^-2 h^-1) showed a higher methane uptake rate than fine textured soils (4.66–5.34 μg CH₄ m^-2 h^-1). Increasing soil tortuosity was thought to reduce the methane oxidation rate in fine textured soils. The oxidation rate of forest soils (16.32–16.38 μg CH₄ m^-2 h^-1), even with a pH below 4.5, was very pronounced and higher than arable land (11.40–14.47 μg CH₄ m^-2 h^-1) and grassland (6.74–9.30 μg CH₄ m^-2 h^-1). Within the same textural class arable land showed a faster methane uptake rate than grassland. In grassland with a fine texture, even methane production was observed. Nitrogen availability and turnover in these land use systems were thought to cause the different oxidation rates. Decreasing the moisture content slowed down the oxidation rate in all soils. This could be caused by an increased N turnover and a starvation of the methanotrophic bacteria. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Preliminary studies on N2O emission fluxes from upland soils and paddy soils in China

In this paper, we presented the preliminary results of N₂O fluxes from Chinese upland and rice paddy fields. The mean N₂O flux from upland fields of North China is 30.6 μg N₂O-N m^-2 h^-1; the average N₂O flux from Chinese rice paddy field is 39.5 μg N₂O-N m^-2 h^-1. The effects of cropping system, water management and application of N fertilizer and organic manure on N₂O emission from rice paddy field have also been presented. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

聚乙烯醇/淀粉/凤仙透骨草提取物复合膜制备及性能

以聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)、淀粉(Starch,ST)为原料,凤仙透骨草提取物(Impatiens balsamina extract,IBE)为抗菌剂,通过共混法制备抗菌复合膜,通过FTIR、XRD、SEM和热重分析对复合膜的形貌和结构进行表征及对力学、光学、阻隔、抑菌等性能测试分析。结果表明,IBE与PVA/ST基膜复合良好,制备的PVA/ST/IBE抗菌复合膜对大肠杆菌、白色葡萄球菌和枯草杆菌具有良好的抑菌作用,抑菌性能随着IBE含量的增加而逐渐提高；同时具有良好的力学强度,IBE添加量为12.5 mL的复合膜拉伸强度达到22.97±0.68 MPa,断裂伸长率相比PVA/ST基膜提升了79.22%；透明度有所下降,透光率下降了11.90%；氧气阻隔性能良好,氧气透过系数为1.771±0.196×10_-12 ^cm₃^.cm/(cm₂^.s.Pa),在环保包装、食品保鲜等领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

2D/2D WO3/Ag:ZnIn2S4 Z型异质结复合物的构筑及可见光催化性能

构筑Z型异质结复合物是光催化领域解决电子-空穴对复合较快的常用方法,其独特的双光子体系能高效的提升光催化速率而备受关注。本文通过水热法原位构筑二维/二维(2D/2D)WO₃/Ag:ZnIn₂S₄ Z型异质结复合物,并且利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、光电化学(PEC)和荧光光谱(PL)对其微观形貌、物相结构、元素化学态和光电性能等进行表征分析,以及采用可见光(加λ>420 nm的滤光片)照射来评价2D/2D WO₃/Ag:ZnIn₂S₄ Z型异质结复合物光解水制氢气和光降解甲基橙(MO)的催化性能。结果表明,在2D/2D WO₃/Ag:ZnIn₂S₄ Z型异质结复合物中,随着Ag:ZnIn₂S₄的含量增加,光催化性能也显著增强。当Ag:ZnIn₂S₄的质量分数为35.0%时,复合物表现出最佳的制氢速率(158.93 μmol.g_-1^.h_-1⁾与降解速率(0.18 min_-1^),这为基于WO₃纳米片设计和构筑2D/2D Z型异质结复合物用于可见光催化制氢和污染物降解提供了新的见解。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from three rice paddy fields in China

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes from rice paddy fields were measured in Nanjing, Yingtan and Fengqiu, using closed chamber method in 1994. The results showed that N₂O fluxes varied temporally, spatially and geographic regionally, with the total amounts of N₂O emissions during the period of rice growth ranged from 13.66 to 98.11mg/m² in Nanjing, 1.73 to 3.65mg/m² in Yingtan and 178.04 to 472.26mg/m² in Fengqiu, respectively. Soil water regime and soil texture had significant effects on N₂O production and emission from rice paddy fields. The mean N₂O fluxes from sandy, loamy and clayey rice paddy fields were 182.2,82.8 and 68.7 μg N₂O-N/m²/h, respectively. High N₂O fluxes occurred when rice paddy fields were imposed by alternation of irrigation and drainage and almost no N₂O emitted when the fields were submerged continuously. The rice paddy field applied with ammonium sulphate emitted more N₂O than with urea and N₂O-N losses of applied ammonium sulphate and urea ranged from 0.038 to 0.28% and 0.033 to 0.16%, respectively. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cu2O/rGO复合材料修饰阴极强化MFC产电脱氮性能及其机理

微生物燃料电池(MFC)在处理含硝酸盐(NO_3^--N)废水时具有同时产电和脱氮的潜力,寻找成本低且改善其产电脱氮性能的阴极修饰材料是MFC在含氮废水处理领域应用的关键。氧化亚铜/还原氧化石墨烯(Cu₂O/rGO)复合材料具有良好的电化学性能,在替代铂基材料提高MFC性能方面具有一定的应用前景。本研究通过还原法制备了Cu₂O/rGO复合材料,并对材料的结构和氧还原性能进行表征；同时,将其负载于阴极碳布后分析其电化学性能,并通过MFC的输出电压、功率密度和NO_3^--N的去除率探究Cu₂O/rGO阴极对MFC产电和脱氮性能的强化作用；通过对反硝化相关酶活性和胞外聚合物的测定,探究Cu₂O/rGO阴极强化MFC性能的机理。结果表明：Cu₂O/rGO复合材料具有大量的介孔结构,能够为电子传递提供更多的通道,并且Cu₂O/rGO复合材料具有良好的氧化还原可逆性；与Pt/C阴极相比,Cu₂O/rGO阴极的交换电流密度升高33.53%,电子转移阻力降低65.53%；Cu₂O/rGO-MFC在处理NO_3^-N废水时获得的最大平均输出电压(662.54 mV)、最大功率密度(26.27 mW/cm^₂)、平均库伦效率(32.02%)和NO_3^--N去除速率(83.33 mg NO_3^--N L/h)均高于Pt/C-MFC(485.33 mV,16.98 mW/cm^₂,7.38%,41.67 mg NO_3^--N L/h)；Cu₂O/rGO复合材料通过提高MFC阴极反硝化关键酶活性和类蛋白组分含量,改善了MFC的产电和脱氮性能。     

细菌纤维素/碳纳米管/MnO2复合超级电容器电极

基于细菌纤维素(BC)的三维多孔及柔性支架结构和碳纳米管(MWCNT)的优良导电性,构筑起BC/MWCNT自支撑导电基底。其中,二者通过氢键紧密结合,协同赋予复合基底优良的电导率和机械性能。然后将二氧化锰(MnO₂)电沉积在该基底上,构建了一种新型的BC/MWCNT/MnO₂薄膜电极。BC/MWCNT复合膜的多孔结构、电解质吸收特性及蜂窝状活性MnO₂纳米片的桥连结构,赋予其出色的电化学性能(在1 mA cm_-2^{的电流密度下},其面积比电容和质量比电容分别达到1.17 F cm_-2^和200 F g_-1⁾和显著的循环稳定性(在20 mA cm_-2^{的电流密度下进行}10000次循环后,其比电容保留率稳定在96%)。这种无粘合剂的薄膜电极制备简便且成本低廉,在开发柔性储能器件方面具有巨大潜力。关键词：细菌纤维素(BC)；碳纳米管(MWCNT)；二氧化锰(MnO₂)；膜电极；电化学性能中图分类号：TQ630 文献标识码： A 文章编号：1003-5214 (2020) 01-0000-00     

Preparation and characterization of tubular porous ceramics from natural zeolite

Tubular porous ceramics with more than 40% open porosity and about 6 μm mean pore size were fabricated from natural zeolite powder with starch as pore-forming agent. The optimized processing parameter was 1100–1150 °C with a holding time of 1 h. Permeability of nitrogen and water flux of the tubular specimens was measured and discussed, and the obtained optimized values are 2480 m³m⁻² h⁻¹bar⁻¹ and 26 m³m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹, respectively.     

测试——聚乙烯亚胺改性磁性膨润土对Pb2+和Cu2+的吸附性能(测试稿件)

在磁性膨润土(MBent)表面接枝聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)制备了聚乙烯亚胺改性磁性膨润土(PEI/KH560/MBent),采用FTIR、VSM、XRD、TGA、EA、SEM和EDS对其进行了表征,考察了其对水溶液中Pb_²⁺和Cu_²⁺的吸附性能。结果表明,聚乙烯亚胺已成功接枝于磁性膨润土表面,并有效提高其对Pb_²⁺和Cu_²⁺吸附量；溶液初始pH对吸附量影响较大,随着pH的增大,吸附量增加。在pH=5,溶液初始质量浓度为300 mg/L,PEI/KH560/MBent对Pb_²⁺和Cu_²⁺吸附量分别为96.21和61.08 mg/g；吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。热力学研究表明,吸附为自发吸热过程。经过5次循环利用后,其吸附容量仍保持初始的60%以上,表明PEI/KH560/MBent具有一定的重复利用性。     

Characteristics of methane oxidation in a flooded rice soil profile

Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the variation of CH₄ oxidation patterns in flooded rice soil profiles. The results indicated that surface soil presented the strongest CH₄ oxidation activities as shown by the highest values of the two kinetic parameters of CH₄ oxidation, V_max and K_m in the ecosystem without rice plants. V_max and K_m decreased significantly from top to bottom in the paddy rice soil profile, ranging from 12.5 to 1.2 μg h^-1 g^-1 and 165 to 4.1 μg g^-1, respectively. In addition, we studied the effect of headspace N₂, O₂ and their ratio on CH₄ emission and oxidation to provide information on the sensitivity of methanogens and methanotrophs to soil redox change resulted from gas transportation through arenchyma. Methane emission rate increased, however, CH₄ oxidation rate decreased with a decrease of O₂ concentration in the headspace. Headspace H₂ increased CH₄ emission rate substantially. In addition to H₂ being a substrate for CH₄ formation, the change of soil redox potential to a considerably low level H₂ should also contribute to the increase in CH₄ emission. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

采用不同载体的中空纤维更新液膜Cu(Ⅱ)传质的研究(英文)

The extraction ability of organophosphorus extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid) and hydroximic extractant Lix984N are investigated by the extraction equilibrium experiments. Effects of carrier concentration and organic/aqueous volume ratio on the mass transfer of hollow fiber renewal liquid membrane (HFRLM) are studied. Results show that, in the extracting process, kerosene and n-heptane are more suitable than methyl-isobutyl ketone, butylacetate and benzene as the diluents of D2EHPA or Lix984N. The favorable feed pH is 4.4 for D2EHPA and 2.6 for Lix984N. The mass transfer flux of HFRLM increases with carrier concentration and finally reaches a plateau. The mass transfer flux and the overall transfer coefficient increase with the or-ganic/aqueous volume ratio, reach the maximum and then decrease.     

Transport of cobalt(II) through a hollow fiber supported liquid membrane containing di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as the carrier

This work presents experimental, modeling and simulation studies for Co²⁺ ion extraction using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) operated in a recycling mode. Extractant di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) diluted with kerosene has been used as the membrane phase. The Co²⁺ ion concentration in the aqueous feed phase was varied in the range of 1–3 mM. Also, D2EHPA concentration was varied in the range of 10–30% (v/v). A mass transfer model has been developed considering the complexation and de-complexation reactions to be fast and at equilibrium. Equations for extractant mass balance and counter-ion (H⁺) transport have also been incorporated in the model. Extraction equilibrium constant (K_ex) for cobalt–D2EHPA system has been estimated from equilibration experiments and found to be 3.48 × 10⁻⁶. It was observed that the model results are in good agreement with the experimental data when diffusivity of metal-complex (D_m) through the membrane phase is 1.5 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s. Feed phase pH and strip phase acidity had negligible effect on the extraction profiles of Co²⁺ ions. An increase in D2EHPA concentration increased extraction rates of Co²⁺ ions. The membrane phase diffusion step was found to be the controlling resistance to mass transfer.     

Extraction and pertraction of phenol through bulk liquid membranes

The extraction and pertraction of phenol through a bulk liquid membrane (BLM) with Cyanex^® 923, Amberlite^® LA‐2 and trioctylamine (TOA) as carriers were studied. Cyanex^® 923 was selected as the best carrier for pertraction. The distribution coefficient of phenol for solvents with carrier and pure n‐alkanes, the individual mass‐transfer coefficient at the extraction interface and the initial flux of phenol through the extraction interface (J_Fo) decreased in the order: Cyanex^® 923 > Amberlite^® LA‐2 > TOA ? pure n‐alkanes. The opposite order was observed for the value of the mass‐transfer coefficient in BLM and the maximum flux of phenol through the stripping interface (J_Rmax). At constant driving forces the maximum fluxes through the extraction and stripping interfaces were similar when amine carriers were used. However, J_Rmax was lower than J_Fo for Cyanex^® 923. Although the kinetics of stripping was the rate‐determining step, the flux of phenol was significantly higher than in pertraction with amine carriers. The adsorption of the carrier at aqueous phase/membrane interfaces was probably responsible for the rapid and slow transfer of phenol through the extraction and stripping interface, respectively. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Selective extraction of metal ions through liquid surfactant membranes

Selective separation of metal ion from a liquid solution with the help of different permeation rate of solutes through liquid membranes was performed. The salts used were ZnCl₂, CdCl₂, NiCl₂. D2EHPA and LIX64N were used as carrier to study the extraction rate of the solutes. The results show that at low pH value of external phase the order of degree of extraction by D2EHPA or LIX64N is Zn > Cd > Ni, while at high pH value with the presence of ammonia in the feed solution the order of degree of extraction is reversed to Ni > Cd > Zn. The results also indicate that when the mixed carrier is used an enhanced effect on the extraction was observed. Synergistic effect was also noted when comparing the cases with mixed carriers to those with pure carriers.     

Liquid membrane transport and separation of Zn2+ and Cd2+ from sulfate media using organophosphorus acids as mobile carriers

The transport and separation of Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ from binary sulfate solutions in a supported liquid membrane using di(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and 2‐ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono‐2‐ethylhexyl ester (PC88A) as mobile carriers was studied. Batch solvent extraction experiments were conducted to obtain the reaction stoichiometries. Experiments were performed at different metal concentrations (1.4–14.5 mol m^?3), metal concentration ratios (0.4–9.2), pH (2–5), and carrier concentrations (0.1–0.6 mol dm^?3). A mass transfer model was proposed that considers diffusion in the aqueous feed and strip stagnant layers, and within the membrane. The interfacial reactions were assumed to approach equilibrium instantaneously. It was shown that the proposed model was applicable for binary Zn²⁺/Cd²⁺ systems (standard deviation, 5%). The larger separation factors of Zn²⁺ over Cd²⁺ with PC88A than D2EHPA under equilibrium (batch solvent extraction) and non‐equilibrium (liquid membrane) conditions were also evaluated and discussed. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Separation of Zinc by a Non‐dispersion Solvent Extraction Process in a Hollow Fiber Contactor

Abstract

A process for recovery of zinc from acid solution with di(2‐ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid) (D2EHPA) dissolved in iso‐dodecane was carried out at 20°C in a countercurrent tubular membrane extractor using a hollow fiber as solid support. Experiments were performed at different aqueous metal concentrations (0.1–1.0 g/L), pH 0.1–2.1, and D2EHPA concentrations (2–8 v%). It was found that both the flux of metal and the extraction extent was highly influenced by the extractant concentration and the pH of the feed solution. Overall mass transfer coefficients were determined and related to the tube side, the membrane, and the shell side mass transfer by varying the aqueous flow rate (0.38–0.80 L/min) and organic flow rate (0.22–0.57 L/min) in countercurrent flow. The overall mass transfer coefficient for zinc extraction ranged from 6.2×10^?6 m/s to 25.3×10^?6 m/s. It was concluded that extraction kinetics were a major contributor to the overall resistance to mass transfer.     

Liquid Emulsion Membrane (LEM) Process for Vanadium (IV) Enrichment: Process Intensification

Abstract

A liquid emulsion membrane (LEM) system for vanadium (IV) transport has been designed using di‐2‐ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), dissolved in n‐dodecane as carrier. The selection of extractant, D2EHPA, was made on the basis of conventional liquid‐liquid extraction studies. The work has been undertaken by first carrying out liquid‐liquid extraction studies for vanadium (IV) to get stoichiometric constant (n), and equilibrium constant (K_ex), which are important for process design.

Transport experiments were carried out at low vanadium (IV) concentration (ppm level). The studies on liquid emulsion membrane included i) the influence of process parameters i.e. feed phase pH, speed of agitation, treat ratio, residence time and ii) emulsion preparation study i.e., organic solvent, extractant concentration, surfactant concentration, internal strip phase concentration. When the strip phase concentration was 2 mol/dm³ (H₂SO₄) and feed phase pH 3 better extraction of vanadium was obtained. Higher V_m/V₁ gave higher extraction of vanadium (IV). A simplified, design engineer friendly model was developed.     

Selective Separation of Toluene/n‐Heptane by Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes with [Bmim][BF4]

Room‐temperature ionic liquids serve as alternative solvents for volatile organic compounds in liquid‐liquid extraction and liquid membrane separation. 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF₄]) was applied for extraction and supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) to separate toluene and n‐heptane. A high separation factor of toluene was achieved due to the strong interaction between ionic liquid cations and toluene. The mass transfer performance of the SILM process was enhanced by higher operating temperature. With the increase of initial toluene concentration in the feed phase, the mass transfer flux and removal efficiency of the SILM process were improved, while the separation factor decreased. The mass transfer flux was growing with the increase of flow rate at both sides. The SILM process was stable over a long time period due to the high viscosity and low volatility of [Bmim][BF₄].     

Cobalt removal from waste‐water by means of supported liquid membranes

BACKGROUND: Supported liquid membranes (SLM) are an alternative technique to remove and recover metals from diluted process solutions and waste‐water. In the present work, the removal of Co(II) from a synthetic CoSO₄ solution containing initial amounts of cobalt(II) in the range 100–200 ppm (0.1–0.2 g dm^?3) has been studied on a pilot scale. By performing batch equilibrium experiments, the optimal settings, i.e. the composition of the organic phase, the pH of the feed, the type and concentration of the stripping agent were determined. RESULTS: It is shown that the equilibrium characteristics of a synergistic extractant mixture containing di‐2‐ethyl‐hexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and 5‐dodecylsalicylaldoxime (LIX 860‐I) are superior to D2EHPA. Both hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid have been evaluated as stripping solutions in liquid–liquid extraction tests and as the receiving phase in a SLM configuration. Although equilibrium tests showed no difference in stripping characteristics between both chemicals, it was observed that in a SLM configuration the stability of the system when hydrochloric acid is used is poor. With a commercially available SLM module (Liqui‐Cel Extra‐Flow 4 × 28) having a surface area of 19 m², a steady Co(II) flux of 0.140 gm^?2h^?1 has been obtained at influent concentrations of cobalt between 100 and 200 ppm with 3 mol dm^?3 sulfuric acid as stripping phase. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained show that a supported liquid membrane containing a synergistic mixture of LIX 860‐I and D2EHPA gives the possibility of recovering cobalt from dilute solutions. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

循环曝气生物反应器的流体力学和传质特性

循环曝气生物反应器是一种具有曝气筒的用于废水处理的生物反应器,曝气筒外为下降区,常常填充填料作为微生物生长的载体。从循环液量(V_l)、环流液速(U_ld)以及停留时间分布函数的量纲1方差(σ_θ²)等方面研究了循环曝气生物反应器的流体力学性能和传质特性。研究表明,在下降区内有或无填料以及不同曝气筒截面积与反应器截面积比值(A_r/A_re)的情况下,循环曝气生物反应器内的循环液量与气体流量之间均符合幂函数关系,A_r/A_re对循环液量或循环液速的影响是先增后减,极值点为0.11。下降区放置填料降低了循环液量、循环液速,但提高了σ_θ²,改善了液相传质性能。当A_r/A_re为0.11时,在液体进料为0.1 m³·h^-1、气体流为量0.5~3.1 m³·h^-1的情况下,循环曝气生物反应器内的液相循环量是液相进料的9~28倍、σ_θ²为0.9以上,循环曝气生物反应器具有较好的液相混合和稀释能力,可直接处理高浓度废水。