石油醚W/O乳状液及其液膜稳定性

以破乳率为衡量标准,借助显微镜直接观察,探讨了乳状液含水量、表面活性剂用量、乳化时间、乳化强度等因素对石油醚W/O型乳状液体系稳定性的影响。在实验范围内,乳状液含水量的提高及表面活性剂用量的增加,有利于乳状液的稳定;存在较优的乳化时间20min和乳化强度4000rmin-1。选取脂肪烃、芳香烃、混合烃共6种不同油相制备乳状液,对比其稳定性的差异。此外,还初步考察了石油醚W/O/W液膜溶胀和泄漏问题,结果表明该乳状液膜泄漏率低于3.5%,表观溶胀率约为20%。     

聚表剂的溶液特性与室内驱油效果评价

聚表剂是近些年来出现的一种新型一元驱油化学剂,同时具备表面活性剂和聚合物的双重性质。聚表剂驱油技术是一种集调剖及驱替为一体的新型三次采油技术。研究表明,相同条件下聚表剂的增黏效果、黏度稳定性以及乳化性能均优于聚合物溶液。室内驱油实验表明,聚驱后聚表剂驱起到了明显的降水增油的效果,并可以提高采收率11.2%。     

高温高盐碳酸盐岩油藏表面活性剂评价研究

针对海外AX高温高盐特低渗碳酸盐岩油藏对甜菜碱型和阴非离子型表面活性剂进行复配,评价了其界面性能及乳化稳定性,并研究了微观驱油机理及其采收率。结果表明,XBS+AES表活剂复配体系(复配比为1∶1)在质量分数为0.03%到0.2%范围内具有良好的界面活性,在质量分数0.4%以上具有良好的乳化稳定性。针对低界面和良好乳化稳定性的两种体系分别进行微观驱替实验,研究发现在低界面张力下,微观剩余油易于拉成油丝,形成油包水乳状液;在良好乳化稳定性作用下,易于将微观剩余油剥离为小油滴,使其重新动用,从而提高采收率。最后通过宏观岩心驱油实验发现,质量分数为0.1%的XBS+AES表活剂复配体系提高采收率9.4%,达到预期目的。     

表面活性剂在油田中的应用

综述了表面活性剂在油田中的应用。在钻井中 ,表面活性剂用作起泡剂、乳化剂、页岩抑制剂、润滑剂等 ;在采油中 ,表面活性剂用作驱油剂、培水剂、酸化添加剂、压裂添加剂、防蜡剂、乳化降粘剂、解堵剂等 ;在原油集输中 ,表面活性剂用作破乳剂、消泡剂、除油剂、防垢剂、缓蚀剂、杀菌剂等。同时介绍了油田用表面活性剂的发展趋势。     

沙7区块聚/表二元体系驱油效果研究

研究了表面活性剂对原油/水界面张力、乳化作用以及对岩石润湿性的影响,开展了表面活性剂和聚合物/表面活性剂二元体系提高低渗透油藏石油采收率的实验研究。结果表明,超低界面张力是影响石油采收率的重要因素,具有良好乳化性能的驱油体系能起到更好的驱油效果,聚合物/表面活性剂二元驱油体系具有更高的提高石油采收率的效能。     

三类油层二元体系乳化程度对驱油效率影响

为了解二元复合驱中乳化程度对驱油效率的影响,配置了表面活性剂浓度分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的3种乳化程度不同的二元体系。通过对3种体系的界面张力、析水率、稳定性和驱油效率进行研究评价,实验表明:乳化程度越高,析水率越低,稳定性越好,驱油效率越高,提高采收率效果越好。     

驱油表面活性剂体系优选研究

表面活性剂驱可以有效地提高洗油效率,减少毛细管阻力,对低渗油藏提高采收率达到理想的效果。利用界面张力仪评价了4种表面活性剂(甜菜碱活性剂、羧酸盐活性剂、石油磺酸盐SS活性剂、DVS活性剂)界面张力稳定性幵优选出了2种(界面张力达到了10~(-3) mN/m)。基于优选的2种表面活性剂迚行了其乳化性能的评价,以达到更好的驱油效果。     

油基钻井液乳化剂HLB值的测定

油包水钻井液是一种不稳定体系,在钻井中始终存在乳化失效的危险,影响体系稳定性的最主要原因是乳化剂,所以合理选择乳化剂是提高体系稳定性的关健。亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)是选择和使用表面活性剂的定量指标,本文用静置观察法,测定了市面上常用的6种油包水钻井液体系乳化剂的HLB值,根据表面活性剂的HLB值,可以推断出某种表面活性剂可用于何种用途,或用于设计合成新的表面活性剂的计算指标。     

低渗透油藏注表面活性剂提高采收率技术研究及应用

低渗透油藏水驱开发后仍有大量原油残留在地层孔隙中,注表面活性剂能够有效提高低渗透油藏水驱开发后的采收率。以新型双子表面活性剂GSK-1为主要处理剂,并结合非离子表面活性剂AEO,研究出了一套适合低渗透油藏的表面活性剂驱油体系,室内评价了其综合性能。结果表明,该驱油体系具有良好的乳化性能,乳状液放置120min后析水率仍低于30%,稳定性较好;驱油体系还具有良好的润湿反转性能,储层岩心经过浸泡48h后,其表面接触角可以由110.3°降低至50.4°;在天然岩心水驱后继续注入0.5PV的表面活性剂驱油体系,能使采收率继续提高15%以上,驱油效果较好。现场应用结果表明,区块内5口采油井采取表面活性剂驱油措施后,日产油量显著提升,平均提升幅度均在2倍以上,达到了良好的增油效果。     

精密金属零件用非ODS水基清洗剂的复配

通过乳化实验法测得了阳极帽冲制所用油的HLB值为14.6,依据此值和金属表面油污的性质, 从尽可能多的常用表面活性剂中进行筛选,以其乳化所用油产生的乳化效率高低来进行判定,得到与冲压油乳化效果最佳的4种表面活性剂和使用最佳的浓度范围.选定表面活性剂的3个浓度,按照4因素3水平选用L₉ (3⁴)正交试验表,将各表面活性剂复配成相应的清洗剂进行清洗阳极帽的正交试验,应用综合平衡法评价试验的清洗效果来确定最优复配方案.最后,根据表面活性剂组成混合物的HLB 值等于乳化此种油所需的HLB值时乳化效果最佳原理,验证了试验结果的符合性.     

Increased Emulsion Stability for Reverse Y‐Shaped Sugar‐Based Surfactants

A series of reverse Y‐shaped surfactants containing aromatic and aliphatic linkers to combine two short hydrocarbon chains and one carbohydrate head group was prepared. Liquid crystalline behavior, air–water interfacial properties, and efficiency as an emulsifier was investigated for each reverse Y‐shaped surfactant. All reverse Y‐shaped surfactants mediated higher emulsion stabilities for water‐in‐oil compared to common typical reference surfactants, reflecting an improved ability to cope with a curvature towards water. The introduction of a benzene ring into the linker substantially increased the affinity of the surfactant for hydrophobic media, resulting in improved emulsion stability for both water‐in‐oil and oil‐in‐water.     

The influence of NaOH on the stability of paraffinic crude oil emulsion

The alkaline–surfactant–polymer flooding using sodium hydroxide as the alkali component to enhance oil recovery at the on shore oil fields at Daqing in China has brought new problems for the oil industry. Even though, the reservoir contained paraffinic crude oil, the alkali added formed stable water-in-crude oil emulsion and de-emulsification process was necessary to separate oil and water.The problems related in the enhanced oil recovery process using the alkaline–surfactant–polymer flooding technique in the Daqing oil field have been investigated in the laboratory using fractions of Daqing crude oil. The oil was separated into asphaltene and aliphatic fractions and then used in an additive free jet oil to form model oils. The emulsion stability of each of the water-in-model oil emulsions formed between water or 0.6% sodium hydroxide solution and model oil was investigated. The interfacial properties such as interfacial tension and interfacial pressure of the systems were also measured. These in combination with the chemical nature of the fractions were used to get insight into the problem related to the ASP flooding technique using sodium hydroxide as the alkaline component.The study reveals that the sodium hydroxide solution reacts with fatty acids in the aliphatic fraction of the crude oil and/or with the fatty acids formed from the slow oxidation of long chain hydrocarbons, and form soap like interfacially active components. These accumulate at the crude oil–water interface and contribute to the stability of the oil/water emulsion.     

驱油剂对三元复合驱含油污水中油滴稳定性的影响

三元复合驱技术已在大庆油田成功进行工业化应用。三元复合驱含油污水中由于含有残余的化学药剂，导致其很难处理，从而限制了三元复合驱技术的推广。本文首先采用室内实验制备模拟三元复合驱含油污水，然后通过沉降实验研究驱油剂对油滴稳定性的影响，最后结合驱油剂对油水界面张力、油滴Zeta电位、油滴粒径大小的影响来阐释驱油剂对油滴稳定性的作用机制。结果表明：油滴的稳定性随着NaOH浓度的增大先增大后减小，当NaOH浓度由0增大到400mg/L时，NaOH与原油中的酸性物质反应生成表面活性剂增强油滴的稳定性；当NaOH浓度大于400mg/L时，NaOH本身作为电解质压缩双电层，使油滴的稳定性减小。油滴的稳定性随着表面活性剂浓度的增大而增大，这是因为表面活性剂可以吸附在油滴表面，使油水界面张力减小，同时增大油滴表面的Zeta电位，从而使油滴的稳定性增强。油滴的稳定性随着聚合物浓度的增大先减小后增大，当聚合物的浓度小于300mg/L时，聚合物的桥接、絮凝作用起主导作用，聚合物分子可以吸附到油滴表面，将油滴连接到一起，同时聚合物分子可以压缩液滴表面的双电层，从而有利于油滴的聚结；当聚合物的浓度大于300mg/L时，体系的黏度增大，油滴的运动速度减小，此时聚合物分子占满油滴表面，表现出空间位阻作用，从而使油滴的稳定性增强，不利于油滴的聚结。     

Development of Nanoemulsion of Silicone Oil and Pine Oil Using Binary Surfactant System for Textile Finishing

Nanoemulsions of silicone oil and pine oil using a binary surfactant system were prepared. Silicone oil and pine oil were used to achieve softness and mosquito repellency and antibacterial activity respectively when the nanoemulsion was applied on the fabric. A silicone surfactant (AG-pt) and a hydrocarbon surfactant (TDA-6) were used in different proportions to obtain stable nanoemulsions at the lowest possible droplet size. The various emulsification process variables such as ratio of hydrocarbon to silicone surfactant, surfactant concentration, ratio of silicone oil to pine oil, oil weight fraction and sonication time have been studied. The optimal variables include the ratio of hydrocarbon to silicone surfactant of 80:20, surfactant concentration of 8%, ratio of silicone oil to pine oil of 80:20, oil weight fraction of 20% and 15 min of sonication time at 40% of the applied power. Nanoemulsions were found to be very stable with emulsion droplet size around 41 nm. In order to compare different emulsification techniques, emulsions were also prepared using the conventional method. Emulsions analyzed using SEM showed spherical droplets ranging from 40 to 120 nm. Atomic force microscopy was used to evaluate the bounciness, fluffiness and softness of fabric. From this study, it was found that stable nanoemulsion with a lowest possible droplet size of silicone and pine oil could be prepared by ultrasonic emulsification technique in order to deliver multiple properties when applied to fabric.     

弱极性溶剂有机硅涂料的制备与检测

利用新型有机硅树脂,低极性丙烯酸树脂,低极性、低毒性脂肪烃溶剂200#溶剂油开发出一种弱极性溶剂有机硅双组分环保涂料,讨论了影响涂料性能的因素。     

稠油开采用耐高温抗盐乳化降粘剂

介绍了耐高温抗盐乳化降粘剂S -5 ,该剂是一种磺酸盐型聚合物表面活性剂 ,可用于乳化降粘法开采稠油 ;评定了该降粘剂在高温处理前后的降粘效果以及该降粘剂在硬水中乳化稠油的能力 ;讨论了降粘剂相对分子质量对其降粘效果的影响     

Study of the acyl transfer reaction: Structure and properties of glycerol carbonate esters

A series of glycerol carbonate esters derived from glycerol carbonate was synthesised by acylation of glycerol carbonate in the presence of aliphatic acyl chlorides. These compounds are characterised polyoxygenated by an endocyclic diester function and an exocyclic ester function. Physical and physicochemical properties of glycerol carbonate esters are determined. These compounds present a good thermal and oxidation stability. They exhibit surfactant properties towards water/soybean oil interface. The polyfunctional properties enable developments in existing industrial applications as well as in new niche markets.     

Effects of various hydrocarbons on micellar growth

The effect of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons on surfactant micellar growth has been investigated by viscosity measurements at 40°C. Aqueous and aqueous KBr (0.1 M) solutions of 0.1 M cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) showed that the viscosity behavior changed substantially in the presence of KBr. This is attributed to favorable conditions produced by KBr that assist micellar growth by addition of hydrocarbons. Reasons for the effectiveness of the solubilized hydrocarbons are suggested and supported by theoretical arguments. The causes of viscosity decrease at higher aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations are also explained. Micellar growth with soluble aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbons could also be initiated if a moderate salt concentration is present in CPB micellar solutions. The chainlength, solubilization site, and molar volume of the soluble hydrocarbons all affect the bulk viscosity of the solution. Such surfactant and hydrocarbon combinations may find use in micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration of benzene and its derivatives, but it should be kept in mind that micellar shape may change and be more curved at higher benzene derivative concentrations.     

低碳醇对氟碳与碳氢表面活性剂复配体系泡沫性能的影响

普通碳氢表面活性剂与磺基甜菜碱氟碳表面活性剂(FS)相比,泡沫性能和耐油性不好。醇通常强烈地影响表面活性剂的自组织行为,醇的加入能提高表面活性剂的泡沫性能。本文采用Ross-Miles法探讨了低碳醇对FS与阴离子碳氢表面活性剂(AOS)复配体系FS/AOS泡沫性能的影响。结果表明,当甲醇、无水乙醇、异丙醇浓度分别为5%、3%、3%,复配体系FS/AOS的起泡性能和泡沫稳定性仍较好,在加入醇之后,煤油含量60%～80%时起泡性能和泡沫稳定性仍较好。不同碳数的低碳醇对复配体系泡沫性能的影响规律为:发泡性能甲醇最好、异丙醇次之、无水乙醇最差,异丙醇的稳泡性能较甲醇和无水乙醇差。     

Effect of hydrophilization of surface of PVC particles on their water dispersion stability

The results of studies on the effect of oxyethylenated surfaces of PVC on the water dispersion stability of particles are presented. The hydrophilizating agent introduced into PVC particles was ethylene polyoxide glycol with molecular weights from 400 to 6000. Non-ionic surfactants such as oxyethylenated oleinic acid, oxyethylenated plant oil, oxyethylenated lauryl alcohol and oxyethylenated saturated aliphatic alcohol were used as stabilizers of PVC particles in water. It was found that the aqueous dispersions of PVC plastisol with the best stability were obtained when polyethylenoxide glycol with molecular weight of 6000 was applied as hydrophilizating agent and oxyethylenated oleic acid or oxyethylenated saturated aliphatic alcohol as stabilizer. In these cases, stability is highest because the highest number of hydrogen bonds are formed that decided about the formation of an adsorbed film around the dispersed particle.