中国炼铁技术发展评述

近两年来中国生铁产量高速增长,同时高炉炼铁技术也取得了较大进步。2007年全国重点钢铁企业高炉炼铁焦比达到392kg／t,热风温度达到1125qE,喷煤比达到137kg／t,利用系数为2．677t／m^3．d。这些指标创造出我国历史最好水平。宝钢、武钢、首钢、鞍钢等企业的大高炉生产技术进入成熟发展阶段,炼铁燃料比低于500kg／t。但是,中国炼铁产业集中度低,炼铁企业发展不平,先进与落后共存,尚有6000多万t／年生产能力属于淘汰之列,造成中国炼铁技术发展不平衡。     

镍市过山车

过去的一年里，镍价经历了过山车般的起伏，LME镍价最低于2008年10月24日降至8850美元／吨，最高于2009年8月13日达到21238美元／吨，年内振幅达到240％，目前恰巧回到了一年前的水平——18000美元／吨。     

太钢高炉喷煤技术的进步

太钢高炉喷粉技术的发展,经历了常压喷吹到高压喷吹,稀相输送到浓相输送的过程。经过对制粉和喷吹系统的一系列改造,实现了集中制粉、远距离浓相输送和浓相喷吹,输煤浓度达到５６ｋｇ／ｋｇ以上,喷吹浓度达到９０ｋｇ／ｋｇ以上。     

安钢2#高炉富氧喷煤实践

安钢２＃高炉１９９６年煤比为５０ｋｇ／ｔ,近几年来,通过采取一系列措施,如改进喷煤设备和工艺,改善原燃料条件,改进高炉操作等,煤比逐年提高,１９９９年利用系数达到２．７３ｔ／ｍ３ｄ;焦比达到４５５ｋｇ／ｔ煤经达到１２４ｋｇ／ｔ。     

包钢4号高炉的技术进步

包钢４号高炉投产后,因原燃料质量差,设备故障多,指标较差。１９９８年后,随着原料条件的改善及设备的正常运转,再加上采用合理的强化措施、高炉利用系数达到１．７以上,达到并超达设计能力,平均入炉焦比为４５１．４ｋｇ／ｔ,煤比逐步达到１００ｋｇ／ｔ以上,使包头特殊矿的冶炼技术达到了一个新的水平。     

宝钢转炉少渣炼钢的实践

叙述了宝钢300t转炉少渣炼钢工业性试验及少渣条件下锰矿还原的试验结果。试验结果表明：转炉生石灰单耗达到11．3kg／t，轻烧白云石单耗达到6．3kg／t，锰矿加入量大于8kg／t，平均锰回收率达到50％以上。此外，分析了转炉少渣吹炼的冶金效果和工艺制度。     

含锰溶液中Fe、Pb杂质的脱除工艺研究

对浮选方铅矿精矿和软锰矿两矿法共同浸出含锰溶液中Fe、Pb杂质的净化工艺条件进行了研究。得出了在pH为4时，采用针铁矿法除铁，其除铁效果已达到要求。在温度为4513、pH为4、硫化剂／方铅矿为1／20％时，采用硫化法除重金属，浸出液中的Fe、Pb杂质含量达到1mg／L，已经满足制备工艺要求。     

试剂级硝酸镍的制备及其改进措施

对试剂级硝酸镍制备原理进行了分析;在产品研制过程中,对硝酸的浓度对电解镍溶解时间、硝酸的利用率及pH值对产品质量影响进行了研究;通过试验,确定了试剂级硝酸镍的制备工艺和关键技术参数：硝酸的浓度控制在13-14mol／L范围内,有利于电解镍溶解;当硝酸的浓度为13．5mol／L时,硝酸有效利用率达到95％;当溶液的pH值达到3．5后,可得到满足Q／YLB-2005-09标准要求的产品。找出了试剂级硝酸镍生产中存在的主要问题,并提出了有效改进措施：通过改进加酸方式、综合利用反应热、提高硝酸的利用率,从而达到降低生产成本和改善操作环境的目的。     

天铁高炉喷煤技术进步

分析了天铁高炉喷煤特点,通过采取改善原燃烧条件、提高风温、实行均匀喷吹、改进送风系统、加强高炉操作等措施,使天铁１、５号高炉经分别达到了１９０ｋｇ／ｔ、２００ｋｇ／ｔ以上。     

天铁高炉混喷技术实践

天铁高炉在煤比达到150kg／t后，由于一直采用单一煤种无烟煤喷吹，煤比无法进一步提高。2009年进行了高炉混喷工艺改造，通过攻关实践，煤比已达到170kg／t以上，收到了节能降耗的目的。     

Evidence for a unique elastic sheath surrounding the vesicular arteries of the rabbit urinary bladder--studies of the microvasculature with microscopy and vascular corrosion casting

AD is associated with a bias of the T helper cells to show increased IL-4 and reduced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. The production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 and the development of Th cells into either high IFN-gamma or high IL-4 producers is strongly influenced by factors produced by antigen-presenting cells (APC), like IL-12 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). IL-12 selectively enhances IFN-gamma production and favours the development of IFN-gamma-producing Th cells, whereas PGE2 selectively inhibits IFN-gamma production by Th cells. The aim of this study was to test whether the increased IL-4/IFN-gamma production ratio by Th cells in AD can be explained by an increased PGE2/IL-12 production ratio by the APC. Monocytes were used as APC source. PGE2 and IL-12 production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes from 12 AD patients and 12 non-atopic controls was determined using two complementary experimental systems, whole blood cultures and purified monocytes. In addition, we determined IL-6 production as a measure of monocyte activation, and IL-10 production because IL-12 production by monocytes is highly influenced by endogenously produced IL-10. The monocytes from AD patients showed normal production levels of IL-6 and IL-10, a two-fold, but non-significant decrease in IL-12 production, and a significantly (three-fold) higher PGE2 production than those from non-atopic controls. Here we show for the first time that enhanced PGE2 production by monocytes in AD is not accompanied by a general rise in cytokine production. We conclude that AD is indeed associated with an increased PGE2/IL-12 production ratio by monocytes.     

The cytokine network of wallerian degeneration: IL-10 and GM-CSF

Wallerian degeneration (WD) is the inflammatory response of peripheral nerves to injury. Evidence is provided that granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) contributes to the initiation and progression of WD by activating macrophages and Schwann, whereas IL-10 down-regulates WD by inhibiting GM-CSF production. A significant role of activated macrophages and Schwann for future regeneration is myelin removal by phagocytosis and degradation. We studied the timing and magnitude of GM-CSF and IL-10 production, macrophage and Schwann activation, and myelin degradation in C57BL/6NHSD and C57BL/6-WLD/OLA/NHSD mice that display normal rapid-WD and abnormal slow-WD, respectively. We observed the following events in rapid-WD. The onset of GM-CSF production is within 5 h after injury. Production is steadily augmented during the first 3 days, but is attenuated thereafter. The onset of production of the macrophage and Schwann activation marker Galectin-3/MAC-2 succeeds that of GM-CSF. Galectin-3/MAC-2 production is up-regulated during the first 6 days, but is down-regulated thereafter. The onset of myelin degradation succeeds that of Galectin-3/MAC-2, and is almost complete within 1 week. IL-10 production displays two phases. An immediate low followed by a high that begins on the fourth day, reaching highest levels on the seventh. The timing and magnitude of GM-CSF production thus enable the rapid activation of macrophages and Schwann that consequently phagocytose and degrade myelin. The timing and magnitude of IL-10 production suggest a role in down-regulating WD after myelin is removed. In contrast, slow-WD nerves produce low inefficient levels of GM-CSF and IL-10 throughout. Therefore, deficient IL-10 levels cannot account for inefficient GM-CSF production, whereas deficient GM-CSF levels may account, in part, for slow-WD.     

Inhibition of interferon gamma induced interleukin 12 production: a potential mechanism for the anti-inflammatory activities of tumor necrosis factor

Inflammation is associated with production of cytokines and chemokines that recruit and activate inflammatory cells. Interleukin (IL) 12 produced by macrophages in response to various stimuli is a potent inducer of interferon (IFN) gamma production. IFN-gamma, in turn, markedly enhances IL-12 production. Although the immune response is typically self-limiting, the mechanisms involved are unclear. We demonstrate that IFN-gamma inhibits production of chemokines (macrophage inflammatory proteins MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta). Furthermore, pre-exposure to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibited IFN-gamma priming for production of high levels of IL-12 by macrophages in vitro. Inhibition of IL-12 by TNF can be mediated by both IL-10-dependent and IL-10-independent mechanisms. To determine whether TNF inhibition of IFN-gamma-induced IL-12 production contributed to the resolution of an inflammatory response in vivo, the response of TNF+/+ and TNF-/- mice injected with Corynebacterium parvum were compared. TNF-/- mice developed a delayed, but vigorous, inflammatory response leading to death, whereas TNF+/+ mice exhibited a prompt response that resolved. Serum IL-12 levels were elevated 3-fold in C. parvum-treated TNF-/- mice compared with TNF+/+ mice. Treatment with a neutralizing anti-IL-12 antibody led to resolution of the response to C. parvum in TNF-/- mice. We conclude that the role of TNF in limiting the extent and duration of inflammatory responses in vivo involves its capacity to regulate macrophage IL-12 production. IFN-gamma inhibition of chemokine production and inhibition of IFN-gamma-induced IL-12 production by TNF provide potential mechanisms by which these cytokines can exert anti-inflammatory/repair function(s).     

典型钢铁企业全流程的氮素流及其含氮污染物减排潜力分析

针对钢铁生产全流程产生的NO_x造成的环境污染问题,依据NO_x生成机理及元素流分析方法,建立钢铁生产全流程氮素流分析模型。应用该模型,以某典型钢铁企业实际生产数据为样本,分析钢铁联合企业的氮元素流动特征,讨论钢铁生产全流程中排放的含氮污染物及废气NO_x的产生、脱硝及排放情况。研究结果表明,钢铁企业输入的氮素主要来源于高炉鼓风和各工序燃烧所需的空气(99.655%),输出的氮素主要以N₂形式(82.917%)排放至大气,全流程内的氮素主要以煤气和工序产品形式循环;钢铁企业排放的含氮污染物以废气NO_x(97.982%)为主,高炉炼铁工序废气NO_x排放量最高;钢铁企业产生的废气NO_x主要来源于焦炭(56.84%)和煤炭(28.91%),其中24.23%的NO_x经脱硝后转化为N₂排放至大气。对钢铁生产全流程氮素流及含氮污染物的排放、控制及相关政策开展研究,提出合理建议,对中国环境保护和钢铁行业的绿色发展具有重要意义。     

典型钢铁企业全流程的氮素流及其含氮污染物减排潜力分析

针对钢铁生产全流程产生的NO_x造成的环境污染问题,依据NO_x生成机理及元素流分析方法,建立钢铁生产全流程氮素流分析模型。应用该模型,以某典型钢铁企业实际生产数据为样本,分析钢铁联合企业的氮元素流动特征,讨论钢铁生产全流程中排放的含氮污染物及废气NO_x的产生、脱硝及排放情况。研究结果表明,钢铁企业输入的氮素主要来源于高炉鼓风和各工序燃烧所需的空气(99.655%),输出的氮素主要以N₂形式(82.917%)排放至大气,全流程内的氮素主要以煤气和工序产品形式循环;钢铁企业排放的含氮污染物以废气NO_x(97.982%)为主,高炉炼铁工序废气NO_x排放量最高;钢铁企业产生的废气NO_x主要来源于焦炭(56.84%)和煤炭(28.91%),其中24.23%的NO_x经脱硝后转化为N₂排放至大气。对钢铁生产全流程氮素流及含氮污染物的排放、控制及相关政策开展研究,提出合理建议,对中国环境保护和钢铁行业的绿色发展具有重要意义。     

Prospects for the production of iron-ore pellets

In the century since the invention of pellet production, iron-ore pellets have become a promising component of industrial metallurgy. The current pellet output in Ukraine, Russia, and Kazakhstan (around 68.5 million t/yr) matches that of the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s. In the next year or two, pellet production in Russia is expected to increase by 5–11 million t/yr. Today, global pellet production is approaching 400 million t/yr, with a projection of 526 million t/yr for 2019.     

富家坞采区陡帮开采设计优化

中国恩菲有色工程设计研究总院在2003年设计了富家坞采区陡帮开采设计,其设计的最终能力4.5万t/d的生产规模达产期远远落后于德兴铜矿13万t/d的扩能达产时间,只能通过扩大铜厂采区的日出矿量,才能达到德兴铜矿13万t/d生产规模,这又导致铜厂采区的供矿压力增大,服务年限缩短。本设计通过对富家坞原设计进行优化,圈定合理的过渡境界,提出更为合理的"开放式"台阶下降方法,以提前实现达产。     

2007～2016年金隆闪速炉生产技改概述

1997年金隆投产设计冶炼能力为100kt/a矿铜,经过20年生产实践,历经多次技术改造,现矿铜产量已经达到350kt/a,在线运行热负荷最高达2 302 MJ/(h·m3),本文主要介绍金隆公司2007至2016年历次技术改造、闪速炉生产状况、渣含铜变化等情况。     

Effects of human immunodeficiency virus and colony-stimulating factors on the production of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha by monocyte/macrophages

Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) frequently have increased production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and these cytokines may in turn contribute to the disease pathogenesis. It has been hypothesized that secretion of these cytokines by HIV-exposed mononuclear cells or HIV-infected monocyte/macrophages (M/Ms) is the principal source of their overproduction in HIV-infected patients, and the present study was undertaken to explore this issue. We observed that in the absence of endotoxin or cytokines, M/Ms productively infected by HIV do not produce detectable IL-6 or TNF-alpha. However, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a cytokine that enhances HIV replication in M/Ms and is frequently used to propagate monocytotropic strains of HIV, can induce the relatively long-term production of IL-6 (up to 47 U/ml) and TNF-alpha (up to 47 pg/ml) by M/Ms, even in the absence of HIV. Also, HIV induced production of a relatively small (< or = 9 U/ml) quantity of IL-6 in M/Ms stimulated with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). Finally, while highly concentrated HIV induced production of both cytokines by either M/Ms or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), this production was almost completely eliminated when care was taken to avoid contamination of HIV by endotoxin. These data suggest that the excess IL-6 and TNF-alpha in HIV-infected patients does not simply result from their production by HIV-infected M/Ms and that alternative mechanisms are involved in this process.     

无底柱分段崩落法结构参数选取的影响因素

无底柱分段崩落法因其生产灵活、机械化程度高、生产能力大、开采成本低等优点在国内外金属矿山中有着广泛的应用。其中,采场结构参数的选取对矿山采矿规模和生产成本有着重要的影响。通过对无底柱分段崩落法的特点及其在国内外典型矿山中的应用现状的介绍,分析了采场结构参数对矿山采矿规模和生产成本的影响,并从矿岩性质和采矿设备等方面论述了选取结构参数时受到的制约因素。