两流板坯连铸58t中间包过滤器的水模型试验和应用

通过几何相似比0.29:1的水模型试验了湍流抑制器+挡墙+挡坝和湍流抑制器+挡墙+过滤器两种控流装置的钢液流动,研究了通道式过滤器对58t中间包钢液流场的影响。结果表明,原中间包（湍流抑制器+挡墙+挡坝）活塞区体积小,死区体积高达29.53%,优化中间包加入过滤器后（湍流抑制器+挡墙+过滤器）短路流基本消失,钢液的实际平均停留时间延长,死区体积由29.53%减小至13.52%。50t中间包,230mm×1100mm连铸板坯,拉速1.25~1.30m/min工业生产结果表明,使用过滤器后,中间包浇注区的夹杂物尺寸明显小于冲击区,中间包浇注区T[O]由原86×10^-6降至30×10^-6,连铸坯大多数夹杂物尺寸≤10μm,没有发现≥30μm夹杂物。     

4流大方坯45 t中间包流场的物理模拟和冶金效果

通过几何相似比1:3的水模型对钢厂4流410 mm × 530 mm大方坯连铸机的不同结构的40～50t中间包进行流场、温度场以及流动特征的研究,并得出最佳控流装置。研究结果表明,为满足4流大方坯中间包对流场的要求,有通道式感应加热装置的中间包与无通道式感应加热装置的中间包优化出的最佳控流装置不同。对于无通道式感应加热装置的中间包,采用最佳方案(湍流控制器+带导流孔的"V"型挡渣墙+挡坝组合的控流方式),延长了近流水口响应时间及平均停留时间,各水口钢液的流动模式趋于一致,中间包内钢液的流动特征得到明显改善。生产40Cr钢实践表明,可连浇8炉,各水口最大温差为4℃,中间包钢液中T[O]约为10×10^-6。     

五流大方坯中间包控流装置优化的数值和物理模拟

针对280 mm×350 mm五流连铸35 t中间包第3流铸坯质量探伤不合格率较高的问题,采用数值模拟和几何相似比1:3水模型模拟,研究了控流装置对中间包钢液流动特性的影响,优化中间包流场。结果表明,原型中间包控流装置结构不合理,各流一致性差,尤其第3流短路流明显;采用中墙开两孔的2~#挡墙+圆形加檐的B型湍流控制器后,各流一致性明显改善,第3流短路流消除,其平均停留时间延长了242.1 s,同时中间包活塞区体积增加了5.7%,死区体积减小了1.1%,冲击区钢液流动平稳。     

20CrMnTi冶炼过程中气体含量的控制

以某厂“转炉-LF精炼-小方坯连铸”工艺生产20CrMnTi钢为基础,对冶炼过程中氧、氮含量变化规律进行了研究。结果表明：LF精炼过程具有良好的脱气效果,钢液T[0]含量降低了33％[N]含量变化较小;钢液转移至中间包过程中存在较严重的钢液二次氧化和中间包内衬氧化物的熔蚀,T[O]和[N]含量分别增加了54．2％和20．5％;浇注过程中钢液吸气严重,使钢中[N]含量增加了51．6％,由于在浇注过程中去除了部分氧化物夹杂,T[O]含量降低了15．5％。由此可见,为了提高该厂20CrMnTi铸坯质量,现有生产工艺需要进一步防止钢液二次氧化。     

减少钢包下渣提高铸坯洁净度

利用钢包渣和中间包覆盖渣中Al2O3含量的差异和浇注过程中的变化,根据质量平衡计算了钢包下渣量每包达到74.5 kg.在该下渣量下,铸坯平均w(T[O])为23×10-6,大型夹杂总量平均达到34.85 mg/(10 kg).对钢包下渣严格监控后,铸坯平均w(T[O])为15×10-6,大型夹杂总量平均达到6.2 mg/(10 kg).减少钢包下渣对采用小型中间包的连铸工艺提高铸坯质量具有重要意义.     

方圆坯六流中间包控流装置的数值模拟与现场试验

基于数值模拟方法,对方圆坯弧形六流中间包在采用不同控流装置下进行模拟研究。数值模拟结果表明安装有导流孔"V"型挡墙+湍流器+挡坝控流装置的中间包更能有效地减少作用于弧形壁面的切应力、优化中间包流场、均匀温度分布、促使夹杂物去除。现场应用结果表明,采用所推荐控流装置的中间包,其相邻流温度均匀,温差均小于5 K,且最大平均温差仅为2.7 K;37Mn2平均总氧量T[O]为17×10-6;铸坯中氧化物夹杂物控制在50μm以下。     

45号钢冶炼过程中气体含量及其控制研究

对某厂LD转炉—LF精炼—连铸工艺生产的45号钢冶炼过程中氧、氮含量的变化进行了研究。实验结果表明：精炼后钢中夹杂物去除效果较好,T[O]含量降低了40.3％,而[N]含量变化并不明显;钢液转移至中间包过程中存在较严重的钢液二次氧化和中间包内衬氧化物的熔蚀,T[O]和[N]含量分别增加了73．7％和45．9％;浇注过程中同样存在较为严重的二次氧化现象,铸坯中[N]含量增加了21．6％,由于在浇注过程中去除了部分氧化物夹杂,T[O]含量降低了12．8％。由此可见,为了提高45号钢铸坯质量,现有生产工艺需要进一步防止钢液二次氧化。     

低碳铝镇静钢中间包浇注过程夹杂物的行为

 通过对BOF-Ar站-CC炼钢流程生产低碳铝镇静钢的中间包不同浇注时间取样及正常坯的取样,采用氧氮化学分析、光学显微镜以及扫描电镜-能谱(SEM+EDS)等多种方法研究了中间包浇注过程夹杂物特征的变化。结果表明：每炉钢包开浇时与浇注末期,钢中T[O]含量均高于浇注中期的T[O]含量,这是由于换包过程中钢水被二次氧化;中间包钢水及正常坯中的夹杂物,按照其形貌与成分可以分为以下3类：Al2O3基夹杂物,MnS基夹杂物,来自中间包覆盖剂或者钢包下渣所卷入的外来夹杂物。中间包及铸坯中的夹杂物主要以1~4 μm的Al2O3为主,同时在铸坯中发现了大量的MnS夹杂物,使铸坯中夹杂物的数量密度升高。当钢液中硫含量较高时,铸坯中气泡+Al2O3类型的夹杂物增加。在当前的工艺条件下,交换钢包之后的开浇阶段与浇注末期,钢水的二次氧化对铸坯的洁净度产生重要影响,同时应合理控制钢中的硫含量,减少铸坯中气泡+Al2O3类型的夹杂物,避免钢液在凝固过程中析出大量的MnS夹杂物。     

宣钢H08A钢生产流程中气体含量及变化规律

系统研究了宣钢公司H08A钢生产流程中各工位钢的气体含量及变化规律。从吹氩、中间包、铸坯工序,T[O]整体上呈现先上升、再下降的趋势,铸坯中T[O]为129 ppm,;脱氧效果较差;铸坯的氮含量为52 ppm,在炼钢的每个过程中均有吸氮现象;保护浇铸效果较好,中间包内钢水未发生明显的二次氧化。     

H型钢腹板纵向裂纹缺陷分析

H型钢腹板裂纹的主要表现形式为纵向长裂纹。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱等手段，对津西钢厂连铸异型坯生产的H型钢腹板裂纹进行了研究。研究发现，铸坯质量是H型钢腹板纵向裂纹产生的主要原因之一，为下一步进行裂纹工艺控制指明了研究方向。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.