快速热退火对Ti/Al-GaN接触的影响

利用伏安特性和俄歇能谱深度分布研究了快速热退火对Ti/Al-GaN接触的影响,氮气中600℃退火60s可以获得欧姆接触.实验结果表明,退火温度的升高导致N元素向表面扩散和界面反应的发生.N空位的产生形成了重掺杂的界面,有利于电流的隧穿,界面处Al,Ti,Ga,N三元系或四元系反应产物起到降低Ti/GaN接触的势垒作用.较高温度退火形成的欧姆接触是势垒高度降低和隧穿电流机制共同作用的结果.     

快速热退火对Ti/Al-GaN接触的影响

利用伏安特性和俄歇能谱深度分布研究了快速热退火对Ti/Al-GaN接触的影响,氮气中600℃退火60s可以获得欧姆接触.实验结果表明,退火温度的升高导致N元素向表面扩散和界面反应的发生.N空位的产生形成了重掺杂的界面,有利于电流的隧穿,界面处Al,Ti,Ga,N三元系或四元系反应产物起到降低Ti/GaN接触的势垒作用.较高温度退火形成的欧姆接触是势垒高度降低和隧穿电流机制共同作用的结果     

Au/n-InP接触的热反应特性

研究了离子束溅射制备的Au /n-InP欧姆接触在退火前后的界面特性.400 ℃ 10 min退火后,比接触电阻比退火前降低了约两个数量级.利用俄歇电子能谱(AES)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究了接触的表面和界面的冶金性质.实验结果表明在室温下InP中的In就可以扩散到接触的表面,退火后Au的价态升高,AuxIny合金中In的含量增加.退火后,在接触与n-InP的界面产生一个P聚集区,同时Au与InP反应生成Au2P3,金属-InP界面Au2P3的生成是比接触电阻降低的原因.     

Au/Zn/Au/p-In P欧姆接触的界面研究

研究了离子束溅射制备的Au/Zn/Au/p-InP欧姆接触的界面特性.在480℃退火15s比接触电阻达到最小,为1.4×1 0-5 Ω·cm 2.利用俄歇电子能谱(AES)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究了接触界面的冶金性质.实验结果表明,在室温下InP中的In就可以扩散到接触的表面,退火后可与Au形成合金.退火后,Zn的扩散可以在p-InP表面形成重掺杂层,从而降低接触势垒高度,减小势垒宽度,有助于欧姆接触的形成;在接触与p-InP的界面产生一个P聚集区,同时Au与InP反应生成Au2P3,其P的2p3/2电子的结合能约为129.2 eV.     

用于4H-SiC雪崩光电探测器p型欧姆接触的研究

对4H-SiC雪崩光电探测器的Ti/Al/Au p型欧姆接触进行了详细的研究。通过线性传输线模型(LTLM)测得经930℃退火后欧姆接触的最小比接触电阻为5.4×10~(-4)Ωcm~2。分别用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、俄歇电子能谱(AES)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和X射线衍射谱(XRD)对退火前后的表面形貌、金属之间以及金-半接触界面之间相互反应及扩散情况进行测试与分析,发现了影响欧姆接触性能的主要原冈。对采用此欧姆接触制备的4H-SiC雪崩光电探测器进行测试,发现器件的击穿电压约为-55 V,此时其p型电极处的电压降仅为0.82 mV,可以满足4H-SiC雪崩光电探测器在高压下工作的需要。     

Ag/Au与n-ZnO的欧姆接触特性的研究

为了更好实现ZnO材料在光电器件方面的应用,研究了Ag/Au和n-ZnO薄膜的欧姆接触。通过半导体特性分析系统测出欧姆接触的I-V特性曲线和采用挖补圆盘法测试了欧姆接触的接触电阻率,研究了退火温度对接触特性的影响。利用俄歇电子能谱(AES)研究了欧姆接触的微观结构,比较了不同的金属电极的反射特性。结果表明,Ag(50nm)/Au(100nm)和n-ZnO薄膜的欧姆接触在退火温度为500℃时最好,欧姆接触电阻率仅为5.2×10-4Ω·cm-2,且其反射特性比其它金属电极好。     

表面处理对AlGaN欧姆接触的影响及机理

研究了溶液表面处理对AlGaN欧姆接触的影响及机理。用氟硝酸(HNO3+HF)、稀盐酸(HCl)和硫代乙酰胺(CS3CSNH2)溶液处理AlGaN表面后,Ti/Al/Ti/Au电极的比接触电阻率有显著的降低。样品表面Ga3d与O1s的X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试结果显示:氧元素含量明显降低,表明这三种溶液可以有效地去除AlGaN表面氧化层,其中CS3CSNH2效果最佳;Ga3d峰位在表面处理后发生蓝移现象,相当于AlGaN表面处的费米能级向导带一侧移动,使电子在隧穿过程中的有效势垒高度降低。以上两个因素均对优化AlGaN/GaN欧姆接触有十分重要的意义。     

n型SiC极性面对欧姆接触性质的影响

研究了n型碳化硅(SiC)极性表面、载流子浓度和退火温度对欧姆接触的影响,测试了不同样品的电流-电压曲线,并通过传输线方法计算比接触电阻。对于SiC衬底的硅面,GeNiTiAu合金材料的欧姆接触特性最好;而对于碳面,TiAu合金材料的接触电阻最小。衬底载流子浓度由1.5×101 7cm-3逐步提高到2.0×1018cm-3,金属与n型SiC衬底硅面的接触由肖特基接触变为欧姆接触,欧姆接触电阻随着载流子浓度的提高而明显降低。GeTiAu合金与SiC衬底硅面的接触电阻随着退火温度的提高非单调降低,900℃为最优退火温度。原子力显微镜结果显示,退火后样品表面粗糙度明显提高。     

p型GaN材料的表面物理特性

运用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和俄歇电子能谱(AES)等表面分析手段对表面状态不同的p-GaN样品进行了分析.在样品表面制作了Ni/Au电极并进行了I-V特性测试.实验结果表明样品表面镓氮元素化学比(Ga/N)的减小以及C,O杂质含量的减少可以改善电极的欧姆接触性能.     

p型GaN材料的表面物理特性

运用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和俄歇电子能谱(AES)等表面分析手段对表面状态不同的p- Ga N样品进行了分析.在样品表面制作了Ni/ Au电极并进行了I- V特性测试.实验结果表明样品表面镓氮元素化学比(Ga/ N)的减小以及C,O杂质含量的减少可以改善电极的欧姆接触性能.     

Effect of a trace of water vapor on Ohmic contact formation for AlGaN/GaN epitaxial wafers

The authors observed that a trace of water vapour can have a significant degradation effect on Ohmic contact formation for AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). The degradation effect due to a trace of water vapour is less serious for n-GaN. This is a more serious problem for AlGaN/GaN HEMT than AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT or InP based HEMT because of the higher temperature needed for Ohmic contact annealing when AlGaN or GaN are involved. Using cooling water with a temperature slightly higher than the ambient temperature during rapid thermal annealing (RTA) appears to be the best approach.     

Ohmic contacts to n-type GaN using Pd/Al metallization

Ohmic contacts to n-type GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition were formed using a Pd/Al-based metallization. Ohmic contact resistances and specific contact resistances were investigated as a function of rapid thermal annealing temperature, Pd interlayer thickness, and annealing time. As-deposited Pd/AI was found to produce rectifying contacts while the metallization exhibited ohmic characteristics after annealing at temperatures as low as 400°C. A minimum contact resistance of 0.9 ohm-mm (specific contact resistance = 1.2 × 10⁻⁵ ohm-cm²) was obtained upon annealing at 650°C for 30 s. For comparison, Al and Ti/Al contacts were also investigated. Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and x-ray diffraction were used to investigate metallurgical reactions.     

GaN紫外探测器的Ti/Al接触的电学特性

在非故意掺杂的和掺Si的GaN薄膜上蒸镀Ti(24nm)/Al(nm)薄膜,氮气环境下400～800℃范围内进行退火。实验结果表明,在非故意掺杂的样品上,随退火温度的升高,肖特基势垒高度下降,理想因子升高,表面状况逐渐变差,600℃退火形成较低接触电阻的欧姆接触,比接触电阻率为3.03×10-4Ωcm2,而载流子浓度为5.88×1018cm-3的掺Si的样品未退火就形成欧姆接触,比接触电阻可达到4.03×10-4Ωcm2。     

Structural properties of alloyed Ti/Al/Ti/Au and Ti/Al/Mo/Au ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN

Two alloyed ohmic contact structures for AlGaN/GaN–Ti/Al/Ti/Au and Ti/Al/Mo/Au were studied. Both structures were optimized for minimum ohmic contact resistance. Structures grown on sapphire and SiC substrates were used to investigate structural properties of ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN. Ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN on SiC showed higher contact resistance values compared to contacts to AlGaN/GaN on sapphire. Ohmic contact metals were etched on samples after annealing. The alloyed interface was studied with backside illumination under an optical microscope. Alloyed inclusions associated with threading dislocations were observed on the surface. For the AlGaN/GaN on SiC sample the inclusion density was an order of magnitude lower than for the sample on sapphire. Conductive atomic force microscopy with carbon nanotube tip was used to investigate topography and conductivity profile of the surface after ohmic contact metal removal by etching.     

Very low resistance ohmic contacts to n-GaN

Ohmic contacts with low resistance are fabricated on n-GaN films using Al/Ti bilayer metallization. GaN films used are 0.3 μm thick layers with carrier concentrations of 1 × 10¹⁹ cm⁻³ grown on the c-plane sapphire by ion-removed electron cyclotron resonance molecular beam epitaxy. The lowest value for the specific contact resistivity (ρ_c) of 1.2×10⁻⁸ Ω·cm² was obtained with furnace annealing at 500°C for 60 min. This result shows the effectiveness of high carrier concentration GaN layers and the low temperature annealing for the realization of low resistance ohmic contacts. Sputtering Auger electron spectroscopy analysis reveals that Al diffuses into Ti layer and comes into contact with the GaN surface.     

Ohmic contact behaviour of Co/C/4H-SiC structures

The electrical contact properties of Co/4H-SiC structures are investigated.A carbon interfacial layer between a Co film and SiC is used to improve the Ohmic contact properties significantly.The C film is deposited prior to Co film deposition on SiC using DC sputtering.The high quality Ohmic contact and specific contact resistivity of 2.30×10^-6Ω·cm² are obtained for Co/C/SiC structures after two-step annealing at 500℃for 10 min and 1050℃for 3 min.The physical properties of the contacts are examined by using XRD.The results indicate that the Co-based metal contacts have better structural stability of silicide phases formed after the high temperature annealing and carbon-enriched layer is produced below the contact,playing a key role in forming an Ohmic contact through the reduction of effective Schottky barrier height for the transport of electrons.The thermal stability of Au/Co/C/SiC Ohmic contacts is investigated.The contacts remain Ohmic on doped n-type(2.8×10¹⁸ cm^-3) 4H-SiC after thermal aging treatment at 500℃for 20 h.     

Thermal Stability of Nitride-Based Diffusion Barriers for Ohmic Contacts to <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-GaN

The use of TaN, TiN, and ZrN diffusion barriers for Ti/Al-based contacts on n-GaN (n ∼ 3 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻³) is reported. The annealing temperature (600–1,000°C) dependence of the Ohmic contact characteristics using a Ti/Al/X/Ti/Au metallization scheme, where X is TaN, TiN, or ZrN, deposited by sputtering was investigated by contact resistance measurements and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The as-deposited contacts were rectifying and transitioned to Ohmic behavior for annealing at ≥600°C. A minimum specific contact resistivity of ∼6 × 10⁻⁵ Ω-cm⁻² was obtained after annealing over a broad range of temperatures (600–900°C for 60 s), comparable to that achieved using a conventional Ti/Al/Pt/Au scheme on the same samples. The contact morphology became considerably rougher at the high end of the annealing range. The long-term reliability of the contacts at 350°C was examined; each contact structure showed an increase in contact resistance by a factor of three to four over 24 days at 350°C in air. AES profiling showed that the aging had little effect on the contact structure of the nitride stacks.     

表面氢化对SiC/金属接触的作用机理

提出 Si C表面氢化模型。以氢饱和 Si C表面悬挂键 ,减少界面态 ,从而制备理想的金属 /半导体接触 ,并将此模型用于 Si C器件表面处理 ,其优点在于避免了欧姆接触 80 0～ 1 2 0 0°C的高温合金 ,且肖特基接触整流特性较好。在 1 0 0°C以下制备了比接触电阻 ρc=5～ 8× 1 0 - 3Ω·cm2的 Si C欧姆接触和理想因子 n=1 .2 5～ 1 .3的肖特基结。与欧姆接触采用 95 0°C高温合金制备的 Si C肖特基二极管比较表明 ,表面氢化处理不仅能避免高温合金 ,降低工艺难度 ,而且能改善器件的电学特性。     

Enhanced output power of InGaN-GaN light-emitting diodes with high-transparency nickel-oxide-indium-tin-oxide Ohmic contacts

This study develops a highly transparent nickel-oxide (NiO/sub x/)-indium-tin-oxide (ITO) transparent Ohmic contact with excellent current spreading for p-GaN to increase the optical output power of nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The NiO/sub x/-ITO transparent Ohmic contact layer was prepared by electron beam in-situ evaporation without postdeposition annealing. Notably, the transmittance of the NiO/sub x/-ITO exceeds 90% throughout the visible region of the spectrum and approaches 98% at 470 nm. Moreover, GaN LED chips with dimensions of 300 /spl times/ 300 /spl mu/m fabricated with the NiO/sub x/-ITO transparent Ohmic contact were developed and produced a low forward voltage of 3.4 V under a nominal forward current of 20 mA and a high optical output power of 6.6 mW. The experimental results indicate that NiO/sub x/-ITO bilayer Ohmic contact with excellent current spreading and high transparency is suitable for fabricating high-brightness GaN-based light-emitting devices.