非视距环境下基于二阶锥规划的RSS定位算法

针对无线传感器网络在非视距(NLOS)环境下利用接收信号强度(RSS)定位存在精度不足的问题,提出了一种新的基于二阶锥规划(SOCP)的鲁棒性定位算法。在假定非视距偏差上界的基础上构建了对非视距偏差量具有鲁棒性的定位方程,从而抑制了非视距偏差的干扰;接着利用凸优化技术将鲁棒性的定位问题转化为二阶锥规划问题,达到精确估计的目的,进而提高定位精度;此外,将定位问题推广到未知发射功率的情况,提出了一个迭代SOCP的算法。仿真结果表明,所提出的算法有效地解决了非视距定位中存在的问题,且定位精度要优于以往的牛顿迭代法、UT法以及SOCP法。     

Improved TOA‐Based Localization Method with BS Selection Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

The purpose of a localization system is to estimate the coordinates of the geographic location of a mobile device. The accuracy of wireless localization is influenced by non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) errors in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we present an improved time of arrival (TOA)–based localization method for wireless sensor networks. TOA‐based localization estimates the geographic location of a mobile device using the distances between a mobile station (MS) and three or more base stations (BSs). However, each of the NLOS errors along a distance measured from an MS (device) to a BS (device) is different because of dissimilar obstacles in the direct signal path between the two devices. To accurately estimate the geographic location of a mobile device in TOA‐based localization, we propose an optimized localization method with a BS selection scheme that selects three measured distances that contain a relatively small number of NLOS errors, in this paper. Performance evaluations are presented, and the experimental results are validated through comparisons of various localization methods with the proposed method.     

一种基于随机森林的LOS/NLOS基站识别方法

蜂窝移动通信环境复杂多变,在基站和移动台之间不可避免会出现电波的非视距（Non-Line-of-Sight,NLOS）传播,使基站和移动台之间的距离测量误差显著增大,导致定位性能急剧下降。为了准确识别出视距（Line-of-Sight,LOS）与非视距传播的基站信号,提出了一种基于随机森林的LOS/NLOS基站识别方法,通过分析移动台与各基站接收机测量距离与定位误差之间的相关性,选择LOS/NLOS测量距离作为特征进行分类器训练,再将分类器用于LOS/NLOS基站的识别。仿真结果表明,该方法对NLOS基站的正确识别率达到90%以上,能取得较好的定位性能。     

基于粒子滤波和交互多模型的移动定位方法

为提高非视距情况下移动辐射源的定位精度,提出一种改进的交互粒子滤波算法.该算法对目标运动多模型和信号到达时间差测量噪声分布多模型联合建模.在交互多模型状态更新中利用粒子滤波对目标时变状态以及视距/非视距混合信道参数进行估计,抑制了非视距测量误差对移动定位的影响.仿真结果表明,改进算法的性能要优于现有的视距条件运动多模型和视距/非视距条件单一运动模型的定位算法,并且定位误差接近于推导的后验克拉美劳下界.     

非视距环境下基于RSS-TOA的定位算法

在无线传感器网络定位系统中,尤其是在室内定位中,非视距（NLOS）误差的存在使定位性能急剧下降。为克服非视距传播带来的定位误差,提出了一种针对非视距环境下联合接收信号强度（RSS）和到达时间（TOA）的定位算法。该方法首先通过 RSS和 TOA的测量结果建立关于目标位置的非凸优化问题,然后通过二阶锥松弛理论,将原始的非凸优化问题转换为一种凸优化问题,由此能够快速得到原问题的一个次优解。通过计算机模拟仿真验证,新方法的估计精度更高,性能更好。     

基于B-LM圆环模型的NLOS信息约束单基站定位算法

针对当前室外蜂窝网多基站定位需要基站之间时间同步、数据同步的要求,以及NLOS环境造成的非服务区基站的信号可测性问题,该文提出基于B-LM圆环模型的NLOS信息约束单基站定位算法。首先根据散射体、目标和基站间的几何位置关系以及NLOS多路径信息构建定位方程,然后将定位方程转化为最小二乘优化问题,之后基于LM算法海森矩阵修正思想和拟牛顿2阶偏导构造思想提出B-LM算法,保证算法收敛于最优解,以得到目标位置。仿真结果表明,所提单基站定位算法能在宏蜂窝NLOS环境实现较高的定位精度。     

面向非视距环境的室内定位算法

节点位置信息在无线传感器网络中起着至关重要的作用.大多数定位算法在视距(Line-of-Sight,LOS)环境下能够取得较高的定位精度,然而在非视距(Non-Line-of-Sight,NLOS)环境下,由于障碍物的阻挡,无法取得理想的定位精度.针对室内环境中普遍存在的非视距传播现象,提出了基于RTT(Round Trip Time)和AOA(Angle Of Arrival)混合测距方式的室内定位方法,一种轻量级基于网格的聚类算法(Lightweight Grid-Based Cluster,LGBC)被用来生成移动节点的定位区域.算法不需要获取室内环境的先验信息.仿真结果表明,LGBC算法复杂度低,计算开销小,并且与同类算法相比,定位精度提高约65%.     

LTE中抑制非视距误差的分层协同定位算法

针对长期演进技术(LTE)定位系统中非视距(NLOS)误差会使得用户终端测得的定位参数存在较大偏差,从而导致基于观测到达时间差(OTDOA)定位技术所估计的用户终端位置定位精度下降,以及传统Chan算法和Taylor级数展开算法中OTDOA协方差矩阵难以获取的问题,本文提出了一种抑制NLOS误差的分层协同定位算法(HCLA, hierarchical collaborative localization algorithm)。算法首先鉴别出含NLOS误差的基站,然后利用残差加权算法获取OTDOA协方差矩阵,再对传统的Chan算法和Taylor级数展开算法进行改进,将二者联合起来对用户终端进行分层协同定位。该算法无需知道OTDOA误差先验信息。仿真结果表明,在NLOS环境下该算法能准确鉴别出含NLOS误差的基站,并能有效减小定位误差。     

A new NLOS error mitigation algorithm in location estimation

In this paper, an effective technique is proposed for locating a mobile station's position when the range measurements are corrupted by non-line-of-sight (NLOS) errors. By linearizing the inequality of range models incorporating NLOS errors and adding loose variables, the method first acquires a preliminary estimation that relies on an initial value. After addressing the effect of linearization error and analyzing the preliminary estimation, a noniterative estimator that does not need an initial value is deduced. The method does not require knowledge of NLOS error statistics. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can restrain the NLOS errors and improve location accuracy.     

Non-line-of-sight error mitigating algorithm based on scattering models via multi-antenna system

In urban environment with serious blocking of direct paths, the non-line-of-sight （NLOS） propagation influences the location estimation accuracy. In this article, a novel algorithm is developed, which can mitigate the NLOS errors in location estimation significantly. Utilizing multiantenna array, the information of scatterers that cause the NLOS propagation is obtained. Then, we combine the information with TOA/TDOA based location algorithm to estimate the location of mobile station （MS）. The simulation results show that our method can mitigate NLOS errors and enhance the location accuracy greatly.     

NLOS identification for UWB localization based on import vector machine

Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) based localization is one of the most promising techniques for high accuracy localization. The crucial factor that aggravates the localization precision is None-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) propagation. To address this issue, we propose a novel NLOS identification algorithm with feature selection strategy and a localization algorithm based on Import Vector Machine (IVM) with high accuracy and low complexity. The feature selection strategy further meliorates the classification accuracy. The probability outputs of IVM is employed by the localization algorithm and yields higher positioning accuracy than its counterpart methods – Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Relevance Vector Machine (RVM). Simulation results prove that IVM is a robust and efficient method for NLOS identification and localization.     

基于特征矢量的NLOS误差检测的定位算法

最小二乘估计算法常用于基于测距的源定位,然而,当移动基站与基站间呈非视距(Non Line of Sight, NLOS)路径时,最小二乘估计算法无法提供理想的定位精度。为了克服此问题,研究人员提出多类算法识别并消除NLOS误差。然而,现存的算法存在高运行时间的开销问题。为此,提出基于特征矢量的NLOS误差检测的定位 (Eigenvector-Based NLOS Error Identification Localization, E-NIL) 算法。E-NIL算法先利用基于测距数据的统计特性识别NLOS误差,然后,将NLOS误差看成确定加性噪声项,再利用误差函数与它的特征矢量间的互相关,寻找NLOS误差值。最后,再删除这些NLOS项,并依据这些无NLOS误差的数据估计移动基站的位置。实验数据表明,提出的E-NIL算法在定位精度和复杂度方面优于同类算法。     

IMU辅助的TDOA室内定位

室内环境下,当无线信号受到多径和非视距干扰时,传统的基于到达时间差（Time Difference of Arrival,TDOA）的测距模型定位精度不满足室内定位精度要求。为此,提出利用TDOA与低成本的惯性测量单元（Inertial Measurement Unit,IMU）相结合的定位方法。在视距情况下,只有TDOA系统工作,但在信号受到干扰时,利用IMU能够在短时间内提供一个准确的相对位置信息的特性,采用TDOA算法对其进行辅助定位,并利用卡尔曼滤波器对它们的数据进行预处理,最后使用扩展卡尔曼滤波器对数据进行处理融合。实验结果表明,提出的算法比传统的TDOA定位具有更高的精度。     

A Nonline-of-Sight Error-Mitigation Method for TOA Measurements

In wireless location, nonline-of-sight (NLOS) errors are a major error source. To improve positional performance, these errors should be identified and mitigated before measurements are used in position computations. A novel NLOS mitigation algorithm is proposed in this paper. Employing system redundancy, the algorithm derives from the distribution function of hyperbolic intersections, which is an intermediate mobile location. Cost functions based on the intermediate position are then created for each time-of-arrival measurement. NLOS errors are detected and mitigated via hypothesis tests performed on the cost functions. Simulation tests are presented in this paper, and the results verify the effectiveness of this NLOS-error-mitigation method. This paper also demonstrates that algorithm performance depends closely on receiver noise. Reducing receiver noise or providing the intermediate mobile location via external aiding can improve performance     

Non-line of Sight Error Mitigation in Ultra-wideband Ranging Systems Using Biased Kalman Filtering

In this paper, a non-line of sight (NLOS) error mitigation method based on biased Kalman filtering for ultra-wideband (UWB) ranging is proposed. The NLOS effect on the measures of signal arrival time is considered one of the major error sources in range estimation and time-based wireless location systems. An improved biased Kalman filtering system, incorporated with sliding-window data smoothing and hypothesis test, is used for NLOS identification and error mitigation. Based on the results of hypothesis test, the estimated ranges are either calculated by smoothing the measured range when line of sight (LOS) status is detected, or obtained by conducting error mitigation on the NLOS corrupted measured range when NLOS status is detected. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme in mitigating errors during the LOS-to-NLOS and NLOS-to-LOS transitions is discussed. Improved NLOS identification and mitigation during the NLOS/LOS variations of channel status are attained by an adaptive variance-adjusting scheme in the biased filter. Simulation results show that the UWB channel status and the transition between NLOS and LOS can be identified promptly by the proposed scheme. The estimated time-based location metrics can be used for achieving higher accuracy in location estimation and target tracking.     

非视距误差的TDOA/AOA混合定位算法

在非视距（NLOS）误差时,无线网络的目标定位性能急剧下降。提出一种针对NLOS误差的TDOA/AOA混合定位算法,首先利用量测值多项式拟合的Wylie鉴别算法辨别出具有NLOS误差的基站,根据NLOS附加时延的统计特性估计出附加时延的均值和方差,并重构到达时间差（TDOA）测量值;然后采用基于泰勒级数展开的TDOA/AOA混合定位算法,得出无线网络联合目标定位的位置估计值。仿真结果证实,该方法在存在NLOS误差下能有效提高无线网络的目标定位精度。     

TOA-Based NLOS Error Mitigation Algorithm for 3D Indoor Localization

In the process of indoor localization,the existence of the non-line of sight(NLOS)error will greatly reduce the localization accuracy.To reduce the impact of this error,a 3 dimensional(3D)indoor localization algorithm named LMR(LLS-Minimum-Residual)is proposed in this paper.We first estimate the NLOS error and use it to correct the measurement distances,and then calculate the target location with linear least squares(LLS)solution.The final nodes location can be obtained accurately by NLOS error mitigation.Our algorithm can work efficiently in both indoor 2D and 3D environments.The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better performance than traditional algorithms and it can significantly improve the localization accuracy.     

Time-of-arrival based localization under NLOS conditions

Three or more base stations (BS) making time-of-arrival measurements of a signal from a mobile station (MS) can locate the MS. However, when some of the measurements are from non-line-of-sight (NLOS) paths, the location errors can be very large. This paper proposes a residual test (RT) that can simultaneously determine the number of line-of-sight (LOS) BS and identify them. Then, localization can proceed with only those LOS BS. The RT works on the principle that when all measurements are LOS, the normalized residuals have a central Chi-Square distribution, versus a noncentral distribution when there is NLOS. The residuals are the squared differences between the estimates and the true position. Normalization by their variances gives a unity variance to the resultant random variables. In simulation studies, for the chosen geometry and NLOS and measurement noise errors, the RT can determine the correct number of LOS-BS over 90% of the time. For four or more BS, where there are at least three LOS-BS, the estimator has variances that are near the Cramer--Rao lower bound.     

基于信号检测法的NLOS识别

针对无线定位系统中的非视距传播(NLOS)问题,本文提出采用传统的信号榆测方法对接收信号中的NLOS信号进行检测.结合Nokia公司的现场测量数据分析得到NLOS误差信号的统计特性,根据对先验知识的掌握程度,提出分别采用广义似然比检验(GLRT)和一致最大功效检验(UMPT)检测接收信号中是否存在NLOS信号,并分别进行了两种情况下的仿真验证.仿真结果表明:基于信号检测方法的NLOS识别技术具有时间开销小,识别能力强的特点.同时由于算法理论是建立在现场测量数据的基础上,所以算法具有工程应用价值.     

严重遮挡非视距环境下的三维定位方法

在严重遮挡非视距环境中,由于定位源与未知节点之间被障碍物遮挡而无法检测直射路径,极大地制约了无线定位方法的应用。提出一种能够规避直射路径遮挡现象的三维定位框架,利用单次反射路径和方位信息,论证了定位源、未知节点和散射体的三维空间位置关系,提出了基于最小二乘准则的空间位置优化算法,并推导出空间位置的求解方法。同时对定位算法进行均方根误差（RMSE, root mean-square error）的理论分析。通过蒙特卡罗仿真实验分析了三维定位框架中距离和方位偏差对算法性能的影响,仿真结果与算法的RMSE理论结果相符,说明了三维非视距定位算法的有效性。