基于布里渊增益-损耗效应的编码DPP-BOTDA传感器

受光纤中声学声子10 ns的寿命的影响，传统布里渊光时域分析（BOTDA）传感器往往不能做到1 m以内的空间分辨率。利用差分脉冲对（DPP）技术可以突破该限制，实现更高的空间分辨率。但是传统的DPP技术存在测量时间长、差分信号间同步难度高和信噪比低等问题。本文提出一种基于布里渊增益-损耗效应的编码DPP-BOTDA系统，通过将处于斯托克斯频率和反斯托克斯频率的泵浦脉冲光同步注入光纤，利用散射光的布里渊增益-损耗效应在光路上差分，解决了信号间的同步问题，并且测量时间只需要传统DPP技术的一半。还分析了传感系统中掺铒光纤放大器增益特性对脉冲序列解码结果的影响，对增益不均匀条件下的编码增益进行了理论计算。实验结果表明，该系统可以实现50 cm的空间分辨率，与传统的单脉冲DPP-BOTDA系统相比，信噪比提高了3 dB。     

分布式光纤传感双通道调制光源设计与测试

为了满足布里渊光时域分析(BOTDA)光纤传感系统需要频差为布里渊频移的两种激光输出光源的需求,采用布里渊环形腔频移和电光调制的方法设计了双通道光源系统。根据光源的脉冲宽度、重复频率、扫频量等参量,对双通道调制光谱输出进行了仿真,并采用现场可编程门阵列配合直接数字式频率合成器技术的方案建立了系统实验装置,实现了脉冲探测光和扫频抽运光两种激光输出。脉冲探测光输出最小脉宽达10ns,扫频抽运光输出扫频范围达0MHz~90MHz,扫描频率步进值为30Hz,时间步进为1.6s。结果表明,该光源技术参量满足BOTDA系统的要求,不需引入高频微波信号源等高速器件,信号采集模块可采用100MHz以下光电探测器件实现,降低了系统成本。     

脉冲预泵浦瑞利BOTDA系统的解析模型与仿真

将脉冲预泵浦的概念引入瑞利布里渊光时域分析系统,利用由传感脉冲和经微波调制的预泵浦脉冲组成的阶梯脉冲作调制信号,通过作为探测光的时间有限的预泵浦脉冲1阶边带的瑞利散射与传感脉冲的受激布里渊作用,实现布里渊信号的时域整形,减小非本地效应;通过预泵浦脉冲0阶基带和传感脉冲的受激布里渊作用,实现布里渊信号的谱域整形,有效地解决空间分辨率和测量精度之间的矛盾。利用频域法求解瞬态耦合波方程,建立了阶梯脉冲光在光纤中受激布里渊作用的解析模型。仿真结果表明,当传感脉冲宽度为5 ns、峰值功率为100 mW,预泵浦脉冲宽度为50 ns、峰值功率为16 mW时,在空间分辨率0.5 m内受激布里渊散射增益在0.14 m处达到最大值,然后近似线性下降至0.37 m处,其余位置近似为零;系统布里渊散射谱宽近似为35 MHz,约为传统瑞利布里渊光时域分析系统布里渊谱宽212 MHz的1/6,在相同空间分辨率下提高了频率测量精度。     

用受激布里渊散射压缩激光脉宽和进行激光放大

使用受激布里渊散射压缩激光脉宽。30ns的红宝石激光在丙酮中被压缩到～6ns;斯托克斯脉冲经激光放大器放大,能量增益大于5,放大器总功率增益～60。     

基于皮秒光参量技术对1064nm超微弱光信号的灵敏探测

正光参量放大技术(OPA)是利用非线性晶体作为参考耦合元件,通过将一束强的高频激光和一束弱的低频激光同时注入到晶体中,实现将弱信号放大,同时产生另一束低频激光的过程,其具有高增益、宽波长调谐等特性、在灵敏探测方面,光参量放大技术对相干或非相干的微弱光信号不仅可以提供高增益的放大,提高灵敏度,还可以通过参量频率上转换的方式,将近红外一中红外的光信号转换为可见光等波段,不仅探测起来更加容易,还可以大大减小红外探测时不可避免的噪声干扰,有效提高了探测信噪比。使用重复频率为1 kHz、脉宽21 ps的355 nm激光作为泵浦光,在BBO晶体中实现I类相位匹配,对超微弱的1064 nm相干光进行探测、采用光参量放大技术,通过参量频率上转换,可以在532 nm处探测到经过上转换的1064 nm种子光,并实现对单光子每脉冲的灵敏探测、该OPA系统对微弱光信号的增益达到了5.75×10~7。通过长距离传输放大信号,有效减小了噪声水平,也同样提高了探测信噪比。     

基于布里渊损耗的单端分布式光纤传感系统研究

基于布里渊散射的分布式光纤传感系统以其可在整根光纤中同时得到被测量场在时间和空间上的连续分布信息,进而成为传感领域国内外研究的热点。针对传统的布里渊光时域分析分布式传感器只能双端入射且成本较高的缺陷,探索性地提出了一种新型的单端布里渊损耗光时域分析传感结构。采用一台窄线宽激光器作为唯一光源,应用铌酸锂电光强度调制器调制入射光产生频移可调的脉冲泵浦光,与经过光纤布拉格光栅反射的连续探测光进行布里渊散射放大效应。通过检测探测光光功率,采用洛伦兹和高斯函数线性权重谱和Levenberg-Marquardt算法得到了不同脉宽下整根光纤布里渊损耗谱。实验结果初步证明了这种传感结构对于分布式测量是可行的,对单端BOTDA的研制具有一定的供参考价值。     

一种新型瑞利BOTDA系统的研究

搭建了一种新型的基于瑞利散射的布里渊光时域分析（Rayleigh Brillouin optical time domain analysis, RBOTDA）传感系统。该系统工作在单端,能克服传统 BOTDA双端接入的缺点;采用两个EOM并联的结构产生含有连续基底光的脉冲光,探测光由基底连续光的瑞利散射提供,避免了多种受激布里渊散射（stimulated Brillouin scattering,SBS）作用带来的干扰,信噪比更高,传感距离更长;采用双边带探测方法,有效减少泵浦脉冲的损耗与非本地效应。建模解析了该系统中的SBS作用过程,并实验验证了系统的可行性。结果表明,布里渊增益谱完好地贴合洛伦兹曲线,非本地效应得到了有效的抑制;在2.4 km光纤上,室温25℃下泵浦脉宽50 ns时,布里渊频移为10.867 GHz,布里渊线宽约为40.21 MHz。     

基于脉冲光的布里渊散射阈值分析

针对连续分布式布里渊光纤传感器的传感特性与阈值问题,根据光纤中泵浦光与斯托克斯光之间耦合波方程,推导出布里渊散射阈值的关系式,通过计算分析该关系式与入射光的脉冲宽度、光纤半径和温度的关系,提出了基于脉冲光布里渊散射的阈值理论估算模型。在实验中,利用布里渊光时域反射仪系统,得出了脉冲光布里渊阈值特性,并与理论模型的结果进行对比分析,实验证明了该脉冲光阈值模型的结果与实验得到的布里渊阈值能够较好的吻合。     

基于双脉冲探测的亚米级空间分辨率布里渊时域反射技术

在传统的布里渊光时域反射(BOTDR)技术中,空间分辨率和自发布里渊散射谱宽相互制约。针对这一问题,将探测光改进为超短双脉冲,并利用检测频谱包络的方法得到BOTDR系统的空间分辨率。该方法提高了BOTDR系统的空间分辨率,同时可避免压窄脉冲引起的布里渊增益谱展宽对测量精度的影响。实验表明,该方案能实现0.5m空间分辨率的温度测量,避免自发布里渊散射谱发生较大展宽。     

大能量磷酸钛氧钾太赫兹参量源

使用磷酸钛氧钾(KTiOPO_4,KTP)晶体,采用斯托克斯参量振荡器与太赫兹波表面垂直出射的斯托克斯参量放大器相结合的实验方案,获得了大能量的太赫兹波输出。抽运源是调Q脉冲激光器,输出波长为1064.2 nm,脉宽为7.5 ns,脉冲重复频率为1 Hz。斯托克斯光波长为1086.2 nm,抽运光与斯托克斯光的夹角为4.4°,太赫兹波频率为5.7 THz。抽运光路上的延时装置可以保证抽运光脉冲与待放大斯托克斯光脉冲有很好的时间重合性。当抽运光脉冲能量为770 mJ、待放大斯托克斯光脉冲能量为16.8 mJ时,放大后斯托克斯光脉冲能量为185.4 mJ,太赫兹波脉冲能量最大为6.4μJ。     

A stable optical comb with double-Brillouin-frequency spacing assisted by multiple four-wave mixing processes

A stable optical comb with a double-Brillouin-frequency spacing, employing a 2.5-km common single mode fiber (SMF) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The simultaneous existence of the first-order and third-order Stokes within the ring cavity excites the higher-order Stokes and anti-Stokes via multiple four-wave mixing (FWM) processes. Ten odd-order Stokes, nine odd-order anti-Stokes and a second-order Stokes signal with a wavelength spacing of 0.172 nm (∼20 GHz) are simultaneously achieved at a Brillouin pump (BP) level of 160 mW. The maximum power fluctuation of the proposed optical comb is less than 1 dB at room temperature within 100 min. The optical comb can show a good stability and flexibility in the choice of operating wavelength.     

G652光纤中背向自发拉曼散射的增益特性

讨论了背向自发Raman散射脉冲在自生分布式G652光纤Raman放大器中传输的增益特性。实验发现，反Stokes Raman（ASR）和Stokes Raman（SR）自生分布式脉冲光纤Raman放大器的阈值抽运峰值功率是25．4W和18．0W。在入射功率为52W时，ASR和SR的增益分别为5．0dB和8．6dB。放大的反Stokes和Stokes背向自发Raman散射光时域反射（OTDR）曲线上放大的阈值时间位置随激发功率的增高前移并具有规律性。放大的ASR背向自发散射强度受光纤温度调制，具有温度效应，已应用于远程分布光纤Raman温度传感器系统。     

Parametric four-photon mixing followed by stimulated Ramanscattering with optical pulses in birefringent optical fibers

An analysis into the phase matching condition of four-photon mixing in birefringent optical fibers is presented. The analysis yields six independent parametric processes. Some of the associated frequency shifts show a dependence on the fiber birefringence, allowing the authors to obtain constraints under which the parametric Stokes pulse will fall within the Raman gain band to undergo subsequent Raman amplifications. Both polarizations of the pump contribute to the Stokes gain through the stimulated Raman effect. Emphasis is placed on short optical pulses with tradeoffs among frequency shift, pulse walk-off length, and fiber attenuation to yield maximum power conversion to the Stokes frequency. Numerical simulation with a highly birefringent germania-doped silica fiber is used to illustrate the conditions for maximum gain of the Stokes signal     

Simultaneous distributed measurement of strain and temperature fromnoise-initiated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers

The simultaneous determination of strain and temperature distributions from the measurement of noise-initiated Brillouin scattering (NIBS) power and frequency shift in optical fibers is discussed. Equations governing the growth of the NIBS signal are derived and from these, we calculate the dependence of the Brillouin power on temperature and strain. We study the potential problem given by the need to normalize the nonlinear Brillouin signal and present a new technique that solves this problem by mathematically combining the values of the Stokes and anti-Stokes powers to produce a linear effective power. Experimental results are presented that support this theory and allow the verification of the coefficients governing the dependence of the Brillouin power and frequency shift on temperature and strain. The signal-to-noise ratio of the sensor is discussed, and it is found that the noise associated with the field statistics plays a limiting role in the sensor performance and that an optimum value for the Brillouin gain factor can be determined. A simultaneous distributed temperature and strain sensor is demonstrated; preliminary results show a strain resolution of 100-μm strain, a temperature resolution of 4°C, and a spatial resolution of 40 m, over a sensing length of 1200 m     

Impact of stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers withdistributed gain

The equations describing the stimulated Brillouin scattering process in optical fibers with distributed gain, including an equation for the second-order Stokes wave, are numerically solved. An analytical solution for the case of no net gain or loss is also presented. We note that the presence of distributed gain along the fiber leads to a nonmonotonous evolution of the signal power and to ready generation of multiple Stokes orders. The effect of broadening the signal spectrum, as well as the influence of a copropagating or counterpropagating signal are also examined     

The performance limit of coherent OTDR enhanced with optical fiberamplifiers due to optical nonlinear phenomena

This paper theoretically and experimentally clarifies the limit of incident optical pulse power in coherent optical time-domain reflectometry (C-OTDR) enhanced with optical fiber amplifiers. The critical pulse power, at which the performance of C-OTDR is degraded by the effect of optical nonlinear phenomena in a single-mode optical fiber, depends on the amplified optical pulse waveform and the pulse width. For a pulse width of 1 μs or longer, the incident pulse power is limited by the effect of self-phase modulation (SPM). When an optical pulse having a power gradient within the pulse width is incident to a single-mode optical fiber, the optical frequency of the backscattered signal is shifted by SPM, and the center frequency of the signal moves outside the receiver band, so the sensitivity of C-OTDR is degraded. For a pulse width of 100 ns, the incident optical pulse power is limited by four-wave mixing (FWM) which transfers the energy from the incident optical pulse to Stokes and anti-Stokes light as a result of the interaction between the incident optical pulse and amplified spontaneous emission. This paper also demonstrates the high performance of C-OTDR enhanced with EDF A's with 48, 44, 39, and 29 dB single-way dynamic ranges for pulse widths of 10 μs, 4 μs, 1 μs, and 100 ns, respectively, limited by the effect of SPM or FWM. These results are believed to be the best performance of C-OTDR with EDFA's     

Noise characteristics and statistics of picosecond Stokes pulsesgenerated in optical fibers through stimulated Raman scattering

The growth of the Stokes pulse from spontaneous noise during stimulated Raman scattering of picosecond pump pulses in optical fibers, is investigated by using a Langevin-noise term in the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations, which include pump depletion, group-velocity mismatch, fiber dispersion, and self- and cross-phase modulation. The model makes use of the actual Raman-gain spectrum of optical fibers. Numerical simulations are used to examine the average behavior of the Stokes pulse, and shot-to-shot fluctuations that are likely to occur in practice. It is shown that the Raman-induced energy transfer is significantly affected by group-velocity dispersion for pump-pulse widths shorter than 5 ps. Examination of the average temporal width shows that the Stokes pulse is initially as wide as the pump pulse, undergoes a gain induced compression and then rebroadens for distances longer than a walk-off length. The effect of varying pump and fiber parameters is to change the minimum value of the Stokes-pulse width, and the distance at which the minimum occurs. The shot-to-shot energy and pulse-width fluctuations initially increase before being reduced at fiber lengths longer than the walk-off length. The primary effect of dispersive and nonlinear effects is to change the distance beyond which fluctuations decrease     

The modulational instability laser. I. Experiment

Detailed characteristics of the modulational instability (MI) oscillation in a single-mode optical fiber ring cavity are described. There is a clear threshold pump power for the oscillation, and stable oscillation can be achieved with proper synchronization. It is shown that phase coherence among pump, Stokes, and anti-Stokes consistent with the propagation of higher-order solitons plays an important role in the generation of MI gain. A noninstantaneous response of the nonlinear index (self-induced Raman gain) competes with the MI gain and produces an asymmetry in the spectrum of the Stokes and the anti-Stokes pulses. When a strong pump depletion occurs, the MI cannot be achieved, and the Stokes pulse forms unaided into a single soliton     

脉冲光布里渊散射信号的拉曼放大研究

实验研究了前向拉曼泵浦方式下脉冲信号光产生的自发布里渊散射信号和受激布里渊散射(SBS)信号的拉曼放大规律。拉曼泵浦放大自发布里渊散射信号时,随泵浦功率增大会出现SBS现象,对散射信号的放大由拉曼放大和布里渊放大两部分引起,因此增益较大,当拉曼泵浦功率为1 000 mW时Stokes光增益可达54 dB。拉曼泵浦放大SBS信号时,放大过程中只存在拉曼放大。且当泵浦功率增大至600 mW时,会引起多级布里渊散射,致使一级Stokes和泵浦能量会转移到下一级布里渊散射,一级Stokes光增益饱和并下降。     

Raman amplification of Stokes pulse in ultra-small silicon-on-insulator optical waveguide

The stimulated Raman amplification of picosecond Stokes pulse is numerically investigated in ultra-small silicon-oninsulator optical waveguide. Numerical results show that we obtain the gain of up to 30-dB for weak Stokes pulse in the copropagation configuration for 10 mm Jength waveguide using high intensity pump oPtical pulse. The peak gain, purse width, rise time, and fall time of Stokes pulse will experience the variation course of decaying then increasing with increasing waveguide length. The time delay of output Stokes pulse is controlled by adjusting the initial time delay of both pump and Stokes pulses.