Adaptive EEG-Based Alertness Estimation System by Using ICA-Based Fuzzy Neural Networks

Drivers' fatigue has been implicated as a causal factor in many accidents. The development of human cognitive state monitoring system for the drivers to prevent accidents behind the steering wheel has become a major focus in the field of safety driving. It requires a technique that can continuously monitor and estimate the alertness level of drivers. The difficulties in developing such a system are lack of significant index for detecting drowsiness and the interference of the complicated noise in a realistic and dynamic driving environment. An adaptive alertness estimation methodology based on electroencephalogram, power spectrum analysis, independent component analysis (ICA), and fuzzy neural network (FNNs) models is proposed in this paper for continuously monitoring driver's drowsiness level with concurrent changes in the alertness level. A novel adaptive feature selection mechanism is developed for automatically selecting effective frequency bands of ICA components for realizing an on-line alertness monitoring system based on the correlation analysis between the time-frequency power spectra of ICA components and the driving errors defined as the deviation between the center of the vehicle and the cruising lane in the virtual-reality driving environment. The mechanism also provides effective and efficient features that can be fed into ICA-mixture-model-based self-constructing FNN to indirectly estimate driver's drowsiness level expressed by approximately and predicting the driving error     

Electromagnetic brain mapping

There has been tremendous advances in our ability to produce images of human brain function. Applications of functional brain imaging extend from improving our understanding of the basic mechanisms of cognitive processes to better characterization of pathologies that impair normal function. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) (MEG/EEG) localize neural electrical activity using noninvasive measurements of external electromagnetic signals. Among the available functional imaging techniques, MEG and EEG uniquely have temporal resolutions below 100 ms. This temporal precision allows us to explore the timing of basic neural processes at the level of cell assemblies. MEG/EEG source localization draws on a wide range of signal processing techniques including digital filtering, three-dimensional image analysis, array signal processing, image modeling and reconstruction, and, blind source separation and phase synchrony estimation. We describe the underlying models currently used in MEG/EEG source estimation and describe the various signal processing steps required to compute these sources. In particular we describe methods for computing the forward fields for known source distributions and parametric and imaging-based approaches to the inverse problem     

A nonstationary model of newborn EEG

The detection of seizure in the newborn is a critical aspect of neurological research. Current automatic detection techniques are difficult to assess due to the problems associated with acquiring and labelling newborn electroencephalogram (EEG) data. A realistic model for newborn EEG would allow confident development, assessment and comparison of these detection techniques. This paper presents a model for newborn EEG that accounts for its self-similar and nonstationary nature. The model consists of background and seizure submodels. The newborn EEG background model is based on the short-time power spectrum with a time-varying power law. The relationship between the fractal dimension and the power law of a power spectrum is utilized for accurate estimation of the short-time power law exponent. The newborn EEG seizure model is based on a well-known time-frequency signal model. This model addresses all significant time-frequency characteristics of newborn EEG seizure which include; multiple components or harmonics, piecewise linear instantaneous frequency laws and harmonic amplitude modulation. Estimates of the parameters of both models are shown to be random and are modelled using the data from a total of 500 background epochs and 204 seizure epochs. The newborn EEG background and seizure models are validated against real newborn EEG data using the correlation coefficient. The results show that the output of the proposed models have a higher correlation with real newborn EEG than currently accepted models (a 10% and 38% improvement for background and seizure models, respectively).     

EEG-based drowsiness estimation for safety driving using independent component analysis

Preventing accidents caused by drowsiness has become a major focus of active safety driving in recent years. It requires an optimal technique to continuously detect drivers' cognitive state related to abilities in perception, recognition, and vehicle control in (near-) real-time. The major challenges in developing such a system include: 1) the lack of significant index for detecting drowsiness and 2) complicated and pervasive noise interferences in a realistic and dynamic driving environment. In this paper, we develop a drowsiness-estimation system based on electroencephalogram (EEG) by combining independent component analysis (ICA), power-spectrum analysis, correlation evaluations, and linear regression model to estimate a driver's cognitive state when he/she drives a car in a virtual reality (VR)-based dynamic simulator. The driving error is defined as deviations between the center of the vehicle and the center of the cruising lane in the lane-keeping driving task. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of quantitatively estimating drowsiness level using ICA-based multistream EEG spectra. The proposed ICA-based method applied to power spectrum of ICA components can successfully (1) remove most of EEG artifacts, (2) suggest an optimal montage to place EEG electrodes, and estimate the driver's drowsiness fluctuation indexed by the driving performance measure. Finally, we present a benchmark study in which the accuracy of ICA-component-based alertness estimates compares favorably to scalp-EEG based.     

Mathematical modeling and spectrum analysis of the physiologicalpatello-femoral pulse train produced by slow knee movement

Analysis of vibration signals emitted by the knee joint has the potential for the development of a noninvasive procedure for the diagnosis and monitoring of knee pathology. In order to obtain as much information as possible from the power density spectrum of the knee vibration signal, it is necessary to identify the physiological factors (or physiologically relevant parameters) that shape the spectrum. This paper presents a mathematical model for knee vibration signals, in particular the physiological patello-femoral pulse (PFP) train produced by slow knee movement. It demonstrates through the mathematical model that the repetition rate of the physiological PFP train introduces repeated peaks in the power spectrum, and that it affects the spectrum mainly at low frequencies. The theoretical results also show that the spectral peaks at multiples of the PFP repetition rate become more evident when the variance of the interpulse interval (IPI) is small, and that these spectral peaks shift toward higher frequencies with increasing PFP repetition rates. To evaluate the mathematical model, a simulation algorithm was developed, which generates PFP signals with adjustable repetition rate and IPI variance. Signals generated by simulation were seen to possess representative spectral characteristics typically observed in physiological PFP signals. This simulation procedure allows an interactive examination of several factors which affect the PFP train spectrum. Finally, in vivo measurements of physiological PFP signals of normal volunteers are presented. Results of simulations and analysis of signals recorded from human subjects support the mathematical model's prediction that the IPI statistics play a very significant role in determining the low-end power spectrum of the physiological PFP signal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

基于小波功率谱估计的空间目标RCS特性分析

随着空间技术的研究与发展，对空间目标的监测与识别显得越来越重要。在小波变换的基础上，详细讨论了小波功率谱估计的实现方法，并利用窄带雷达测量获得的空间目标RCS数据，利用Morlet小波对几个空间目标的RCS时间序列进行功率谱分析。并把傅里叶变换同小波变换进行结合，以实现对目标RCS的信号功率谱估计。分析结果反映了目标的某些重要的散射特性。     

Automatic Detection of Spike and Wave Discharges in the EEG of Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats From Strasbourg

Genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg are a strain of Wistar rats in which all animals exhibit spontaneous occurrences of spike and wave discharges (SWDs) in the EEG. In this paper, we propose a novel method for the detection of SWDs, based on the key observation that SWDs are quasi-periodic signals. The method consists of the following steps: 1) calculation of the spectrogram; 2) estimation of the background spectrum and detection of stimulation artifacts; 3) harmonic analysis with continuity analysis to estimate the fundamental frequency; and 4) classification based on the percentage of power in the harmonics to the total power of the spectrum. We evaluated the performance of the novel detection method and six SWD/seizure detection methods from literature on a large database of labeled EEG data consisting of two datasets running to a total duration of more than 26 days of recording. The method outperforms all tested SWD/seizure detection methods, showing a sensitivity and selectivity of 96% and 97%, respectively, on the first test set, and a sensitivity and selectivity of 94% and 92%, respectively, on the second test set. The detection performance is less satisfactory (as for all other methods) for EEG fragments showing more irregular and less periodic SWDs.     

非平稳环境下基于人耳听觉掩蔽特性的语音增强

传统的语音增强算法往往仅对平稳噪声或缓慢变化的噪声有效,且残留的音乐噪声较大。对此,本文研究了一种非平稳环境下基于听觉掩蔽效应的语音增强算法。该算法对传统谱减法的功率谱估计算法进行改进,根据最小均方误差原则和语音信号的听觉掩蔽阈值调整功率谱估计的参数,并引入了基于最小值统计特性的噪声估计算法,使估计的噪声更好地跟踪噪声的变化。实验结果表明:该算法对平稳和非平稳的噪声都得到较好的增强效果,且较好地抑制了音乐噪声。     

A novel phase congruency based algorithm for online data reduction in ambulatory EEG systems

Real signals are often corrupted by noise with a power spectrum variable over time. In applications involving these signals, it is expected that dynamically estimating and correcting for this noise would increase the amount of useful information extracted from the signal. One such application is scalp EEG monitoring in epilepsy, where electrical activity generated by cranio-facial muscles obscure the measured brainwaves. This paper presents a data-selection algorithm based on phase congruency to identify interictal spikes from background EEG; together with a novel statistical method that allows a more comprehensive trade-off based quantitative comparison of two algorithms which have been tested at a fixed threshold in the same database. Here, traditional phase congruency has been modified to incorporate a dynamic estimate of muscle activity present in the input scalp EEG signal. The proposed algorithm achieves 50% data reduction whilst detecting more than 80% of interictal spikes. This represents a significant improvement over the state-of-the-art denoising method for phase congruency.     

“随机信号分析”课程中功率谱及估计的研讨

本文首先分析“随机信号分析”课程中功率谱密度和自相关函数,然后分别介绍了功率谱的估计方法,并以实验为例说明功率谱的估计方法,最后以无线通信系统中OFDM信号的带宽估计为例,说明功率谱估计方法在实际工程中的应用。本文对于功率谱及其估计的教学有一定的指导作用,并且有助于学生更好地理解理论和工程应用。     

Coherence-weighted wiener filtering of somatosensory evokedpotentials

In this paper, we present a Wiener filtering (WF) approach for extraction of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) from the background electroencephalogram (EEG), with sweep-to-sweep variations in its signal power. To account for the EEG power variations, WF is modified by iteratively weighting the power spectrum using the coherence function. Coherence-weighted Wiener filtering (CWWF) is able to extract SEP waveforms, which have a greater level of detail as compared with conventional time-domain averaging (TDA). Using CWWF, the components of the SEP show significantly less variability. As such, CWWF should be useful as an important diagnostic tool able to detect minimal changes in the SEP. In an experimental study of cerebral hypoxia, CWWF is shown to be more responsive to detection of injury than WF or TDA.     

适应噪声强度突变的噪声估计加速方法

为提高传统噪声估计方法对噪声强度突变的跟踪能力,本文在最小值控制递归平均 (MCRA) 方法基础上提出了噪声估计加速方法。该方法首先检测功率谱的突变,在检测到突变后设定具有自适应长度的拖尾段,并在拖尾段中利用对数似然比、谱熵和平均幅度差函数进行话音活动性检测（VAD）,而后结合噪声估计与功率谱最小值比例等辅助参数判定是否对噪声估计进行强制更新。ITU-T G. 160测试结果表明,噪声估计加速算法的引入未对噪声强度平稳情况下的语音增强算法性能产生影响,但显著降低了噪声强度突变时的收敛时间,并在很大程度上抑制了噪声估计收敛段中的音乐噪声。      

Nonlinear distortion analysis on CDMA communication systems

The authors give an expression of the estimation of the out-of-band emission levels for a CDMA power spectrum in terms of the third-order intercept point (IP₃) and the fifth-order intercept point (IP₅), as well as the power level and bandwidth of the signal. This result will be useful in the design of RF power amplifiers for a CDMA wireless system     

海杂波AR谱多重分形特性及微弱目标检测方法

该文研究了海杂波功率谱的多重分形特性。为了克服频谱傅里叶分析的缺点,用现代谱估计的方法来计算海杂波的功率谱。AR模型是一个线性预测模型,它通过序列的自相关函数矩阵来估计功率谱,并且具有更精确的频谱分辨率。该文主要分析基于AR谱估计的海杂波功率谱的多重分形特性,以及在微弱目标检测中的应用。首先,以分数布朗运动(FBM)模型为例,证明其功率谱具有多重分形特性。其次,根据X波段雷达的实测海杂波数据,通过多重去趋势分析法(MF-DFA)验证了海杂波AR谱的多重分形特性。最后,分析了海杂波AR谱的广义Hurst指数以及影响参数,并提出一种基于局部AR谱广义Hurst指数的目标检测方法。实验结果表明,该种检测方法具有海杂波背景下微弱目标检测的能力。与现有的分形检测方法和传统的CFAR检测方法对比,该算法在低信杂比情况下具有较好的检测性能。     

Walsh power spectrum for wide-sense stationary stochastic processes (Corresp.)

Existing concepts of Walsh power spectra for wide-sense stationary stochastic processes are restricted to the case of autopower spectra because they are based on real Walsh functions. In this paper a Walsh power spectrum is developed which is based on a system of complex Walsh functions and thus applies to auto and cross power spectra as well. It is shown that this Walsh power spectrum is related to the Fourier power spectrum by a linear transformation. This fact makes it possible to calculate Fourier power spectrum estimates from corresponding Walsh power spectrum estimates. An estimation algorithm for the Walsh power spectrum is given in the paper.     

Parameter extraction in EEG processing during riskful neurosurgical operations

An advanced methodology of EEG parameter extraction is presented. This has been used during riskful surgical interventions i.e. intracranial aneurysm clipping in controlled hypotension through continuous infusion of sodium nitroprusside, SNP. The signal is processed using an AR-modelling approach and the information is shown in the form of pole diagram, power density spectrum estimation, and plotting of the identification coefficients. Some advantages of the previously reported techniques are discussed in respect to the more traditional approaches (e.g. FFT algorithms). Important applications are also foreseen in the field of neurophysiological research and clinical neurology.     

基于改进语音存在概率的自适应噪声跟踪算法

在非平稳环境下,由于时间递归平均噪声功率谱估计算法会出现跟踪延迟和估计误差等问题,本文采用一种新的方式对其核心部分语音存在概率（speech presence probability, spp）进行估计。利用时域特征能量与频域特征谱熵的比值能熵比作为新的特征来构建其与spp的正比关系,从而得到当前语音帧的spp估计值;然后用双平滑系数对该值进行平滑;最后结合时间递归平均算法得到估计的噪声功率谱。该算法充分利用语音帧频点的特征信息控制spp的估计值,以此自适应地跟踪噪声变化。实验结果表明:在地空通信环境下,该方法能够准确且连续地跟踪噪声功率谱、快速响应其变化。集成到语音增强系统后,可以提高语音质量,降低残留噪声。      

一种基于LS自适应AR建模的高分辨率时间延迟估计方法

本文提出了一种基于最小二乘（ＬＳ）自适应ＡＲ建模的时延估计方法。这种方法以接收信号的功率谱密度函数为时间序列，利用最小二乘格型自适应滤波器经由ＡＲ建模而得到高分辨率的时间延迟估计。文中给出了这种方法的原理、具体实现及性能分析，并以相关时延估计方法为参照进行了计算机模拟。     

Flexible Weaving Constructed Self‐Powered Pressure Sensor Enabling Continuous Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease and Measurement of Cuffless Blood Pressure

Pulse wave carries comprehensive information regarding the human cardiovascular system (CS), which is essential for directly capturing CS parameters. More importantly, cuffless blood pressure (BP) is one of the most critical markers in CS. Accurately measuring BP via the pulse wave for continuous and noninvasive diagnosis of a disease associated with hypertension remains a challenge and highly desirable. Here, a flexible weaving constructed self‐powered pressure sensor (WCSPS) is reported for measurement of the pulse wave and BP in a noninvasive manner. The WCSPS holds an ultrasensitivity of 45.7 mV Pa^?1 with an ultrafast response time of less than 5 ms, and no performance degradation is observed after up to 40 000 motion cycles. Furthermore, a low power consumption sensor system is developed for precisely monitoring pulse wave from the fingertip, wrist, ear, and ankles. A practical measurement is performed with 100 people with ages spanning from 24 to 82 years and different health statuses. The discrepancy between the measured BP results using the WCSPS and that provided by the commercial cuff‐based device is about 0.87–3.65%. This work demonstrates an efficient and cost‐effective way for human health monitoring, which would be a competitive alternative to current complex cardiovascular monitoring systems.     

MATLAB中几种功率谱估计函数的比较分析与选择

功率谱估计是一种重要的频谱分析方法,通过分析比较MATLAB中几种常见的功率谱估计函数。从而选择最佳的频谱估计函数,减小实际的信号频谱分析误差。设计了仿真信号,并采用MATLAB中几种功率谱估计函数进行频谱估计;从频谱图出发,比较分析了谱估计结果,指出函数pwelch计算的功率谱估计在从宽带噪声中检测窄带信号应用过程中效果最好,对信号的频谱分析具有实际的应用价值。