西安市长乐公园土壤重金属含量的测定及污染评价

用HNO3-HF-HClO4联合消煮法处理西安市长乐公园土壤样品,根据测定其中Pb,Zn,Cu,Cr,Cd等重金属的含量,得出其平均值均高于中国土壤环境背景值.相关性分析显示,Pb,Zn,Cu 3种元素之间具有较高的相关性.用单因子指数法、内梅罗污染指数法评价了西安市长乐公园土壤重金属污染程度,得出公园土壤中5种重金属处于中等污染水平.     

粤北某矿区地表土壤重金属污染的分布研究

为了查清粤北某大型铅锌矿区周边地表土壤重金属的污染情况,对该地的冶炼、采矿和选矿区周边三处地表土壤,13个样点和39个样品中的Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd 4种主要重金属的分布进行了系统的检测与分析.结果表明:冶炼厂周边主要是Pb、Cd两种重金属超标,分别为国家土壤环境质量二级标准的1.72和15.3倍;采矿区周边重金属污染较严重,Pb、Cu、Cd 3种重金属依次为国家土壤环境质量二级标准的3.90、1.17和17.17倍;而选矿区周边农田的土壤重金属含量均在国家土壤环境质量二级标准内.     

碳酸盐岩地区不同种植方式下黄壤重金属含量特征及评价

以贵州开阳县不同种植方式下的黄壤为供试样品,对其重金属含量特征及污染水平进行探究。结果表明:不同种植方式下,单作土壤在种植前和收获后为酸性,而连作和间作在两个时期为中性;土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量变化规律基本一致,均呈现种植前高于收获后;土壤pH与土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn的变异程度均不大,而Pb在连作种植前与间作收获后的变异程度较大;相关性分析显示,Cd与Cu、Pb之间、Cu和Zn、Pb之间均具有较高的同源性;综合污染指数(P_综)表现为单作(种植前)间作(收获后)连作(种植前)单作(收获后)间作(种植前)连作(收获后),分别为14.20、13.67、13.62、11.38、9.89和8.04,均高于3.0,属于重度污染等级,土壤受污染相当严重,其中单作和连作在收获后污染程度较种植前有不同程度的下降,而间作则呈上升趋势。在所选定的污染评价因子中,Cd的贡献率极高,为土壤污染的主要影响因子,其次是Cr.     

秦岭铅锌矿冶炼厂区周边土壤重金属分布特征研究

目的为了解铅锌过程中重金属对周边土壤的污染情况。方法对秦岭凤县铅锌矿冶炼厂周边8个区域土壤中Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu等4种主要重金属的分布规律进行了初步研究,分析了冶炼厂周边环境现状,提出了对策建议。结果研究表明冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染严重,绝大部分区域重金属含量已超过对照点测定值和国家土壤环境质量二级标准,最高超标倍数依次为Zn10倍、Pb6．5倍、Cd6．2倍、Cu4．0倍。结论厂区常年主导下风向土壤中重金属含量高于上风向土壤中;冶炼厂周边土壤环境中重金属污染以Zn为主,其次为Pb和Cd,Cu污染较小。     

内蒙古不同产地甘草和土壤中重金属含量与评价

为研究内蒙古道地甘草产地土壤和甘草根重金属的含量特征和污染状况,选取鄂尔多斯杭锦旗、赤峰翁牛特旗和锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗三个产地,采集两个土层土壤(0—20cm,20—40cm),对重金属As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cu的含量及相关性进行了分析.结果表明:三个产地土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cu的含量均显著低于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;除鄂尔多斯土壤重金属As,赤峰土壤重金属As和Cu以及锡林郭勒盟土壤重金属Cd、Pb和Cu的含量高于内蒙古土壤背景值外,其他指标均显著低于内蒙古土壤背景值.用单项污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态评价指数法评价产地土壤重金属的污染状况,结果表明三个产地土壤都是清洁的.土壤中As、Hg和Cu相互之间,均呈极显著负相关,可能这三种重金属之间存在着一种平衡和制约的关系;甘草根中As、Cd和Pb相互之间均呈极显著正相关;而土壤中重金属Pb与甘草根中重金属As、Cd和Pb呈极显著正相关,这也许能够为预防甘草重金属超标提供依据.另外,产地所采甘草根中五种重金属含量均显著低于药用植物及制剂外经贸绿色行业标准.     

雪鸡坪-春都铜矿区土壤重金属污染评价

以香格里拉县雪鸡坪-春都铜矿区土壤为研究对象,分析长期采矿活动对表层土壤重金属含量的影响.通过对矿区土壤的重金属(Cd,Hg,As,Cu,Cr,Zn,Pb)含量进行测定,以国家土壤环境质量3级标准和云南省土壤背景值为评价标准,采用内梅罗综合指数法分析矿区土壤的重金属污染现状,运用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法进行潜在生态风险评估.结果表明:矿区长期开采活动导致Hg,As,Pb,Zn,Cu这5种重金属含量高于云南省土壤背景值,Hg,As,Pb,Zn,Cu,Cd这6种重金属含量高于全国土壤背景值;Cu的单因子污染指数值最高,污染水平超标,为该矿区土壤的主要污染元素;综合土壤环境指数为1.14,土壤受到轻度污染;矿区Hg元素具有强的生态危害,Cu元素具有中等生态危害,其余元素为轻微生态危害,综合生态危害指数为226.22,整体上该矿区的生态风险属于中等水平.     

基于标准化方法的峰峰煤矿塌陷区农田表层土壤重金属污染评价研究

为进一步评估煤矿塌陷对农田土壤环境的影响,文章系统采集测试了煤矿塌陷区农田表层土壤39件,运用标准化方法对重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn进行了污染评价研究。结果表明峰峰煤炭塌陷区农田表层土壤重金属元素均值均高于全国土壤环境背景均值。表层土壤重金属元素污染组合特征为:元素Pb、Cr、As和Ni为一族;元素Hg、Cd、Zn、Cu为一族。表层土壤明显受到了重金属元素Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn的污染。重金属元素Hg的污染程度以轻度为主,中度为辅;重金属元素As、Cd、Cu和Zn为点状轻度污染。     

黄河三角洲农田土壤-作物系统重金属污染风险评估

重金属严重影响着农业用地土壤环境质量以及农产品安全,已引起国内外广泛关注. 本研究以我国重要的粮 食产区黄河三角洲典型农田为对象,评估了农田土壤-作物系统中重金属的污染风险. 研究结果表明,黄河三角洲农田 土壤中重金属 Cr、Cu和 Pb的质量分数具有显著性差异(P<0.05), Cr的质量分数(47.20mg·kg-1)最高, Cu(26.00 mg·kg-1)次之,而 Pb(13.90mg·kg-1)最低,各重金属分布存在中等的空间异质性. 根据单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合 污染指数,黄河三角洲农田土壤总体上处于清洁水平,重金属污染风险较低,但不同作物区具有显著性差异(P<0.05). 小麦田和水稻田土壤 Cr、Cu的质量分数显著高于藕池和玉米田,小麦田和水稻田土壤 Pb的质量分数与藕池差异不显 著,但显著高于玉米田.3种重金属元素在各主要农作物的地上部分均呈现一定程度的富集,且 Cu的富集程度最高,Pb 的富集程度最低;不同作物对重金属元素的富集程度不同,对 Cr的富集程度由高到低呈现为玉米、藕叶、水稻、小麦,对 Cu的富集程度由高到低呈现为玉米、水稻、藕叶、小麦,而对 Pb的富集程度由高到低呈现为水稻、玉米、小麦、藕叶.      

草海湖底沉积物重金属垂直分布特征及污染状况评价

选取贵州省威宁县草海湖底沉积物为研究对象,对Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、As 5种重金属的含量进行测定。采用单因子指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对各重金属污染状况进行分析评价,定量确定了草海湖底沉积物中主要的污染因子和潜在生态风险程度。结果表明:5种重金属中,Zn和Pb的含量均高于中国土壤环境背景值和贵州省土壤环境背景值,其中Zn含量最大,其次是Pb、Cr、Cu、As;各重金属在不同深度上有不同的变化规律;草海湖主要的重金属污染因子为Zn、Pb,湖底沉积物重金属的综合污染指数为8. 88,属于中度污染,潜在生态危害程度低。     

陈腐垃圾的重金属污染特征及其潜在风险评价

以九江市生活垃圾填埋场陈腐垃圾为调查对象,分析了不同填埋结构不同回灌方式下陈腐垃圾中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb的含量.结果表明:4个填埋体陈腐垃圾中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb重金属平均含量均低于《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)三级标准,厌氧填埋体D(渗滤液回灌)陈腐垃圾中的Cr略微超标,2种填埋结构清水回灌方式陈腐垃圾中重金属的含量低于渗滤液回灌方式;准好氧填埋结构陈腐垃圾内梅罗综合污染指数处于清洁水平,厌氧填埋结构陈腐垃圾内梅罗综合污染指数处于轻微污染水平.潜在生态风险评价表明,不同填埋结构、不同回灌方式垃圾填埋场陈腐垃圾的重金属潜在生态风险指数(RI)均处于轻微生态风险水平,没有明显的级别差异.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.