肋角度对矩形带肋通道蒸汽流动和换热特性的影响

在带肋单通道蒸汽强化换热试验研究的基础上,采用SSG雷诺应力湍流模型,求解了三维定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,对30°、45°、60°和90°4种带肋通道进行了蒸汽流动的数值计算,同时研究了雷诺数对矩形带肋通道中冷却气体的流动和传热特性的影响,并比较分析了不同肋角度下带肋通道的流动和传热特性。结果表明:斜置肋片能有效提高带肋通道的换热效果,同时也将带来很大的流动阻力;与90°带肋通道相比,60°、45°和30°带肋通道的热力系数分别增加了约29.3%、24.6%和20.9%,就综合热力性能来说,60°带肋通道是最好的结构形式。     

具有柱肋阵列与分离式柱肋阵列的冷却通道内流阻与传热实验研究

在常规柱肋阵列冷却结构的基础上对一种新型分离式柱肋阵列冷却结构内的流动和传热特征进行了实验和数值计算研究.在雷诺数Re=8 200~50 500时,对具有新型分离式柱肋阵列的冷却通道和具有常规柱肋阵列的冷却通道内传热和流动压力损失性能进行了对比实验研究.对2种通道内的流动与传热进行了三维稳态数值计算,对比研究了其各自的速度场和局部传热特性,揭示了分离式柱肋阵列强化传热以及降低流动阻力的机理.实验结果表明,在所研究的Re范围内,与常规柱肋阵列通道相比,新型分离式柱肋阵列通道具有更高的平均努塞尔数(Nu)以及更小的阻力损失.     

球窝/球凸结构下的U型通道蒸汽冷却性能

采用标准k-ω湍流模型研究了球窝/球凸结构下U型通道内蒸汽的传热与阻力特性,计算、分析了雷诺数为1×104~5×104、来流温比为0.79~0.93、出口压力为0.5~3MPa时通道内的流动与传热性能,获得了拟合的传热关联式,对比了蒸汽与空气冷却特性的差异。研究结果表明:雷诺数增加在提升总体传热效果的同时能够有效降低流动阻力系数;来流温比增大对强化传热的作用并不明显,但可以有效降低流动阻力损失;提高出口压力可以有效增强传热效果,但大大增加了流动阻力;出口压力为1.5~2MPa、来流温比为0.84~0.88时蒸汽冷却参数能够获得较为理想的综合换热效果;与空气相比,蒸汽的热物性更容易受到温度和压力的影响,导致传热增强系数的变化较大,此时雷诺数的变化对传热增强系数的贡献并不显著;拟合的传热关联式可以准确预测通道内蒸汽冷却换热系数。     

蒸汽冷却厚壁通道传热性能的耦合传热研究

基于厚壁带肋通道蒸汽冷却实验数据,发展了含有内热源项的耦合传热计算方法,研究了雷诺数、热流密度和湍流度对厚壁矩形带肋通道内蒸汽流动及传热特性的影响,同时对比了耦合传热方法和只计算流体域方法之间的差异,并在此基础上对努塞尔数与雷诺数、热流密度和湍流度之间进行数值拟合,得到了厚壁带肋通道的传热关联式。研究结果表明:含有内热源项的耦合传热计算模型可以准确地模拟厚壁带肋通道内蒸汽的流动与传热特性,只计算流体域模型对传热系数的预测较耦合传热模型低10%;热流密度对厚壁带肋通道蒸汽摩擦和传热特性的影响较小,高热流密度使得壁面传热效果变差;雷诺数从10 000~90 000变化时,平均传热系数和综合传热因子分别提高了76%和63%,而湍流度从3%~15%变化时,平均传热系数提高了大约24%,综合传热因子提高了19.8%。该研究可为未来重型燃机叶片冷却结构设计提供参考。     

导流片对椭圆肋片通道传热与流动特性的影响

通过引入椭圆型的肋片作为扰流器,利用可实现的k-ε湍流模型对椭圆肋片通道以及设置导流片后通道内的传热和流动特性进行了数值模拟,并与传统凹槽通道内的传热特性作比较.结果表明:椭圆肋片通道内的传热系数比传统凹槽提高了2～3倍;随着椭圆肋片高度的增加,通道内的传热系数越来越大,同时压降也越来越大;引入导流片能提高椭圆肋片通道...     

场协同原理强化管外降膜吸收传热特性实验研究

对基于场协同原理设计的两种强化传热管型进行了LiBr降膜吸收水蒸气过程的传热实验研究,并与光滑铜管作比较,考查该传热管型在吸收过程中的强化作用.实验测量参数包括;溶液进出口温度、浓度,流量,冷却水进出口温度、流量等.实验结果表明,两种强化传热管型在低雷诺数时对LiBr降膜吸收传热的强化比分别为20%和50%,而且随着雷诺数的增大而增大.利用场协同理论和降液膜流动的波动特性分析了强化降膜吸收过程传热特性的物理机制,发现速度矢量与温度梯度的夹角及降液膜厚度形成的阻力对对流换热有一定影响.     

燃机透平静叶尾缘柱肋通道内的汽雾/空气冷却流动与换热特性数值研究

基于通过提高燃气进口温度来提升燃气轮机热效率和增加出力的思想,采用ANSYS-CFX商用软件对模化的燃气轮机透平静叶尾缘楔形柱肋冷却通道中流动与换热特性进行了数值模拟,对比研究了冷却工质为空气和汽雾/空气时的冷却性能,以及不同的雷诺数和雾滴初始直径下雾滴在流动过程中的分布、努塞尔数、摩擦系数以及热力综合效率的变化情况。研究表明:雾滴初始直径越大、雷诺数越大,雾滴的流动距离越长;相同雷诺数条件下,相对于空气冷却,加入不同初始直径的雾滴可提高通道底面平均努塞尔数,换热效果强化越明显;底面平均努塞尔数的增幅与雷诺数和雾滴初始直径有关,为了达到最佳冷却效果,应考虑雾滴蒸发吸热和扰流两方面的影响;在冷却空气中加入雾滴后流动摩擦系数变化较小,综合考虑换热性能与流动阻力,加入汽雾可使热力综合效率最高提高26%。该结果可为燃机设计提供参考。     

板棒式换热器传热性能分析(Ⅱ)——换热器结构的优化设计

以单位质量材耗的换热能力最大为目标函数 ,分析研究了不同雷诺数Re的操作条件下肋棒长度、直径及板厚之间的关系 .结果表明 :当雷诺数较小时肋棒才可有效地起到强化传热的作用 ,且随着肋棒直径的减小强化传热作用增强 ;当板厚为 3mm、雷诺数在 10 3～ 5× 10 3之间时 ,最佳肋棒长径比为 2～ 3.以上结果可作为板棒式换热器结构优化设计的参考依据 .     

蒸汽冷却带肋矩形通道流动和换热特性数值研究

为了阐明蒸汽冷却带肋矩形通道的换热增强机理,基于三维RANS方程和标准k-ω湍流模型,数值模拟了带肋矩形通道的流场和换热特性,研究了雷诺数、入口宽高比和肋间距对流动和换热特性的影响,进一步分析了努塞尔数与雷诺数、入口宽高比、肋间距之间的关系,由此得出带肋矩形通道的传热关联式。结果表明:肋片的存在破坏了较厚的换热边界层,增强了换热性能。雷诺数增大,平均努塞尔数、综合换热因子均增大,阻力系数小幅上升;宽高比增大,平均努塞尔数、综合换热因子均增大,阻力系数大幅上升;肋间距增大,平均努塞尔数增加,阻力系数先增后减,综合换热因子先减后增。所得传热关联式可为先进燃机蒸汽冷却叶片的设计提供参考。     

不同球窝/球凸结构的旋转矩形通道传热及阻力特性研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了旋转工况下球窝/球凸结构对通道传热特性和阻力特性的影响,利用SSTk-ω湍流模型求解了黏性Navier-Stokes方程,其中矩形通道的一侧布置球凸,另一侧布置球窝,球窝/球凸的结构分为圆形、竖椭圆和横椭圆.研究结果表明:球凸的迎风前缘传热能力大大增强,背风后缘及其之后的尾迹区域出现流动分离且传热性能有所减弱;球窝的前缘出现了流动分离且传热性能明显减弱,后半球窝处的分离流体再附使传热能力增强.通道旋转对传热阻力特性的影响很大,主要是旋转使得球窝/球凸表面的流动分离再附提前发生或延迟出现,后缘面流动分离再附频繁出现.比较3种通道发现:竖椭圆球窝/球凸通道和圆形球窝/球凸通道的平均Nu和摩擦系数几乎相等,横椭圆球窝/球凸通道的平均Nu和摩擦系数明显大于圆形、竖椭圆通道.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…