郑州市大气可吸入颗粒物单颗粒污染特征分析

分析了2005年郑州市大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的污染特征,应用高分辨率场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和图像分析技术,研究了郑州市2005年夏季大气单颗粒物的形貌特征以及PM10的数量-粒度和体积-粒度分布.研究表明,2005年郑州市大气PM10污染比较严重,其污染程度从高到低依次为春、冬、秋、夏:烟尘集合体、不规则状矿物颗粒物在郑州市2005年夏季大气PM10中占有较大数量,PM10的数量-等效球直径分布的峰值在0.1～0.2 μm,PM10的体积.等效球直径分布的峰值则出现在0.7～0.8 μm和1～2.5μm范围内,说明在郑州市夏季大气PM10中,细粒子数量占优势,较粗颗粒(主要是矿物颗粒)在数量上对PM10贡献很小,但是对总体积(总质量)的贡献很大.     

扫描电镜下煤矿区大气PM10微观形貌识别

采集河南省煤矿区义马、平顶山、永城大气PM10样品,使用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）分析煤矿区PM10的微观形貌和来源.质量浓度分析结果表明,3个矿区夏季和冬季PM10的平均值在100~241 μg/m3之间,义马地区空气污染最严重.微观形貌分析结果表明：煤矿区大气PM10的类型可分为烟尘集合体、规则矿物颗粒、不规则矿物颗粒、球形颗粒及超细颗粒等几种类型,均具有不同的来源.颗粒物类型的多样性代表矿区污染的多源性和大气二次化学反应的复杂性.其中,烟尘集合体和规则矿物颗粒分别具有温室和制冷效应,二者环境效应具有相互制约的特点.有包壳的飞灰和空心飞灰是煤矿区特有的,其成因主要与燃煤作用有关.同一采样点不用季节PM10中不同颗粒数量百分比的变化不仅受冬夏两季燃煤量不同的影响,还受大气湿度、温度、风速等气象因素的影响;而不同采样点同一季节PM10中不同颗粒数量百分比不仅与气象因素有关,也受采样点附近主要污染源的影响.     

兰州沙尘暴过程对PM_(10)组成变化的影响

为了研究兰州市2006年3月31日沙尘暴过程对大气PM_(10)组成变化的影响,利用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和图像分析技术研究了该沙尘暴期间及其发生前后PM_(10)中的单颗粒特征。结果表明,沙尘暴发生前后,PM_(10)主要由燃煤飞灰、烟尘集合体组成,其次是少量的矿物颗粒,而沙尘暴高峰期则相反。与沙尘暴发生前后相比,沙尘暴高峰期矿物颗粒的数量百分比(59.31%)和体积百分比(99.39%)有明显增加,而其数量和体积粒度分布则相反。根据该沙尘暴过程中PM_(10)的组成变化特征,可将其划分为四个不同的阶段:本地污染物清除阶段、新污染物携入阶段、本地新污染物吹入及外来沙尘颗粒减少阶段、沙尘颗粒基本清除阶段。     

校园大气环境不同高度PM_(2.5)的物理化学特征比较

大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)已经成为影响我国大气环境质量和人们身体健康的首要污染物.作为青少年集中学习和生活的校园环境的空气质量状况已经成为多方关注的热点.为研究校园环境大气细颗粒物的空间分布状况及其物理化学特征,在不同高度(5,40 m)设立采样点,同步采集大气PM2.5样品,利用高分辨扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱仪(scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer,SEM-EDS)分析了不同高度和不同时间段校园大气环境中PM2.5的微观组成、化学组分,得出如下主要结论:校园环境PM2.5的微观组分主要有燃煤飞灰颗粒、矿物颗粒(原生的和新生的矿物颗粒)、烟尘集合体以及无法鉴定的颗粒物;5 m高度处采集的颗粒物的质量浓度和数浓度均高于40 m高度处,5 m高度处PM2.5的矿物颗粒相对较多,而40 m高度处PM2.5的烟尘集合体相对较多;晚上样品中颗粒物数量和种类都比白天要多.     

兰州市冬季大气沉降尘粒度特征及来源解析

通过对兰州市冬季大气沉降尘颗粒的粒度分布特征及参数的分析，认识其可能来源及对环境的影响．从实验结果发现兰州市大气沉降尘粒径主要为10-50μm，各个采样点的PM2．5和PM10贡献突出，说明兰州市颗粒物污染严重．研究表明兰州市大气中可吸入颗粒物的来源主要为生活燃煤和汽车、工厂产生的废气；粒径〈50μm的颗粒物主要来源于空气搬运作用迁移而来的黄土粉尘等；粒径〉50μm的颗粒物主要是由人为引入或由特大尘暴使大颗粒物近源搬运的结果．不同的功能区中，工业区内污染最大，其次为生活区和其他区．从整体看兰州市的4个行政区内大气沉降尘粒度特征有较大的相似性，除了受生活、汽车、工业以及黄土高原的影响外，兰州城市整体布局存在较大缺陷，工业区和生活区混杂、密集。布局不合理．     

哈尔滨大气PM2.5中人为源元素化学组成特征及来源

应用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和电感藕合等离子(ICP-MS)技术对2007年哈尔滨市市区四季所采集的PM2.5样品进行了研究。图像分析和粒度分析表明:PM2.5的颗粒类型主要为矿物颗粒、飞灰颗粒和烟尘集合体,数量—粒度呈双峰分布,峰值出现在0.2～0.5μm和1.0～2.5μm之间。其中飞灰颗粒的数量占总颗粒数量的26%,体积只占颗粒总体积的3%,即PM2.5中细颗粒主要为飞灰颗粒。元素分析和富集因子分析表明,颗粒中所测的58种元素中有Cd、Sn、Tl、Te、Bi、V、Pb、Sb、Zn、As、Ag、In、Mo、Cu、Ga、Cr、W 17种元素在颗粒中得到富集,来自人为源,且燃煤源为主要贡献者。因子分析显示冶金排放、垃圾焚烧、汽车尾气源及动力与机电工业排放源也是明显的贡献者。     

三京西北城区2010年春季一次沙尘暴过程PM10加特征研究

采集2010年春季北京市西北城区沙尘暴前期、中期及后期可吸入颗粒物样品,运用场发射扫描电镜和粒度分布软件分析沙尘暴过程中PM,。的微观形貌和粒度分布特征。结果表明,沙尘暴期间PM10和PM25的质量浓度是一个突然变化的过程,在沙尘期间质量浓度分别增加到1960．68μg／in。、1477．27μg／m^3,然后随着沙尘暴的消退逐渐降低,颗粒物质量浓度逐渐减少;对体积——粒度分布的研究表明．无论沙尘暴天气还是非沙尘天气,其体积百分比主要集中在2．5μm以上的较大等效粒径范围内,沙尘暴天气是由于输入了大量的沙尘颗粒．而非沙尘天气的少量大粒径颗粒对体积百分比的影响却很大,导致体积百分比向大等效粒径范围集中：沙尘暴前,颗粒物的微观形貌类型有矿物颗粒、烟尘集合体、球形颗粒和超细未知颗粒,沙尘暴期间,微观形貌类型主要是来源于地壳的矿物颗粒．     

北京西北城区2010年春季一次沙尘暴过程PM10特征研究

采集2010年春季北京市西北城区沙尘暴前期、中期及后期可吸入颗粒物样品,运用场发射扫描电镜和粒度分布软件分析沙尘暴过程中PM10的微观形貌和粒度分布特征。结果表明,沙尘暴期间PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度是一个突然变化的过程,在沙尘期间质量浓度分别增加到1960.68μg/m3、1477.27μg/m3,然后随着沙尘暴的消退逐渐降低,颗粒物质量浓度逐渐减少;对体积——粒度分布的研究表明,无论沙尘暴天气还是非沙尘天气,其体积百分比主要集中在2.5μm以上的较大等效粒径范围内,沙尘暴天气是由于输入了大量的沙尘颗粒,而非沙尘天气的少量大粒径颗粒对体积百分比的影响却很大,导致体积百分比向大等效粒径范围集中;沙尘暴前,颗粒物的微观形貌类型有矿物颗粒、烟尘集合体、球形颗粒和超细未知颗粒,沙尘暴期间,微观形貌类型主要是来源于地壳的矿物颗粒。     

厦门城区秋季不同粒径大气颗粒物的微观形貌分析

应用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)研究了厦门城区秋季(2013年11月)不同粒径大气颗粒物的微观形貌及其元素组成特征.结果表明,厦门城区的大气颗粒物主要有烟尘集合体、飞灰颗粒、矿物颗粒、生物颗粒等.在粗粒径范围(>2.5μm),不规则矿物颗粒占多数,主要来自路面或建筑扬尘;细粒径颗粒物(<1.0μm)主要为大气二次反应产生的含硫、含氮颗粒,以及燃烧排放的烟尘集合体.飞灰颗粒和烟尘集合体在不同的粗、细粒径段都有存在.2013年秋季厦门城区大气污染以化石燃料燃烧、机动车尾气、扬尘为主,是今后大气环境防治中的主要控制对象.     

长春市初冬季节大气PM10的微观形貌特征与来源分析

应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究长春市区初冬季节(2015年10月)可吸入粒子(PM_(10))的微观形貌并探讨其来源。结果表明,长春市区的可吸入颗粒物主要有:烟尘集合体、燃煤飞灰、矿物颗粒及未知颗粒,其中雾霾天气下以烟尘集合体和燃煤飞灰为主。长春市周边及邻近省份地区农业生物质燃烧是初冬季节雾霾天气下PM_(10)的主要来源。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.