双相水溶液法制备乌拉草纤维

采用双相水(聚乙二醇(PEG)-2 000/无机盐)溶液法制备乌拉草纤维.首先对原料进行预氧处理,然后进行双相水溶液处理以脱除余下的非纤维素物质,并用单因子控制变量法对该工艺进行优化,最后对采用最佳处理工艺得到的纤维进行测试与表征.结果表明:双相水溶液处理的最佳工艺条件,即为10%PEG-2 000,2.5%NaOH,1.5%Na2SO3,1.5%Na2CO3,浴比1∶20,处理温度为90℃,处理时间为2h;测试得到纤维的平均长度、线密度、回潮率、结晶度、拉伸断裂强度分别为30mm、2.72tex、10.66%、42%、1.84cN/dtex;乌拉草及其纤维均主要含有纤维素、木质素和半纤维素,处理后纤维素含量显著提高,而木质素和半纤维素含量降低;乌拉草纵向凹凸不平,横向呈波浪状,且波峰部分由孔洞结构组成,波谷部分由实心物质组成;纤维纵向基本平直,单根纤维表面有少量杂质.     

狼尾草中密度纤维板的原料特性

对狼尾草的化学成分及纤维形态进行分析,结果表明：狼尾草秸秆中的综纤维素、聚戊糖、木质素、苯醇抽提物、灰分含量分别为71.83 %、19.60 %、23.48 %、2.84 %、4.84 %;叶、茎秆、节、枝梢、髓芯5个部分中,以叶中灰分含量最高,达到11.21 %;狼尾草秸秆纤维的长宽比为108,壁腔比为0.32;热磨后纤维中合格纤维的比例达到70.8 %;在一定工艺条件下压制狼尾草中密度纤维板试板,其静曲强度、弹性模量、内结合强度和吸水厚度膨胀率均达到国家标准GB/T 11718—1999的要求。研究表明狼尾草是制作中密度纤维板的一种潜在原料。     

竹笋壳化学成分分析

按照GB5888-86<苎麻化学成分定量分析方法>,对所选湖北咸宁的竹笋壳原料进行化学成分定量分析.分别确定了竹笋壳的脂腊质含量为1.33%,水溶物含量为7.73%,果胶含量为0.82名,半纤维素含量为28.12%,木质素含量为20.34%,纤维素含量为41.66%,与苎麻、亚麻、竹原纤维相比,竹笋壳中的纤维素含量偏低,而半纤维素和木质素含量则偏高.     

纸张表面施胶剂的应用实验设计

利用DOE(Design of Experiment)实验设计方法中的Plackett-Burman和全因子设计方法,采用乳液聚合法,以酶转化淀粉作为乳化剂,以聚苯乙烯、丙烯酸和丙烯酸丁酯作为单体合成纸张表面施胶剂。结果表明：引发剂用量（A）、反应温度（B）、滴加时间（C）以及单体用量与反应温度的交互作用（AC）是影响成纸表面强度的关键因子;建立了纸张表面强度(S)与各关键因子之间的数学模型：S=-17375 0+196259A+15B+48375 0C-4125AC,并对数学模型进行了验证。最佳合成条件为:淀粉酶反应温度80 ℃,淀粉酶反应时间10 min,淀粉与单体质量比为1〖DK〗∶1,丙烯酸的质量分数为2 ％,单体苯乙烯与丙烯酸丁酯质量比为6〖DK〗∶1,引发剂H2O2与FeSO4质量比为1〖DK〗∶1。合成表面施胶剂的固含量（质量分数）为2613 %,黏度为283 mPa〖DK〗·s,玻璃化温度为7072 ℃。     

木棉纤维成分及其微细结构分析

采用美国国家可再生能源实验室(National Renewable Energy Laboratory,NREL)标准测试法和美国纸浆与造纸工业技术协会(Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,TAPPI)标准测试法,分别测试了海南产木棉纤维的主体成分含量,发现以TAPPI法测试时因脱除木质素不彻底而导致测得的半纤维素含量偏高。采用NREL法测试了印尼木棉纤维的主体成分含量,与海南产木棉纤维主体成分含量相比:印尼木棉的纤维素、半纤维素含量略高,而木质素含量明显较低。木棉纤维在90℃下于质量分数为8%的氢氧化钠溶液中处理3h后,其中绝大多数半纤维素(84.2%)、小部分木质素(29.5%)被去除。当木质素或半纤维素与木质素一起被去除后,木棉纤维表面原纤网络结构显现出来。     

香蕉杆组分测定及其产沼气潜力的研究

【目的】测定香蕉杆中的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素组分,并对其发酵产沼气的潜力进行研究,以期为香蕉杆的资源化利用提供可靠的基础资料。【方法】分别采用改进后的硫酸-重铬酸钾氧化法、2mol/L盐酸水解法和72%浓硫酸法测定香蕉杆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的含量;在35℃恒温条件下进行厌氧发酵产沼气,绘制不同原料产沼气过程变化曲线图。【结果】香蕉杆纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量分别为17.47%、11%、6.86%,其厌氧发酵产沼气最高可达到(155±3)mL/g TS。【结论】香蕉杆纤维含量较高,可作为沼气发酵原料使用,为香蕉杆的资源化利用提供有益参考。     

甘蔗皮纤维的提取工艺初探

甘蔗皮中含有可提取的纤维物质,但其木质素和半纤维的含量较高,因此选取的纤维提取工艺应能有效去除木质素和半纤维又不损伤纤维.本文选用正交试验的方法对甘蔗皮纤维的提取工艺进行研究,结果表明:经不同工艺处理后,甘蔗皮中的半纤维都基本得到有效去除,而木质素尚不能完全去除;不同工艺下甘蔗皮纤维的平均长度为0.73～1.07 mm,平均直径为16.5～19.8μm.结合纤维的长度和红外光谱图分析,得出甘蔗皮在40 mol/L的硫酸溶液中100℃酸煮1 h、在10%的烧碱溶液中100℃碱煮2.5 h,再搅拌处理1 h为较优的提取工艺.     

基于TG-FTIR和Py-GC/MS的生物质三组分快速热解机理研究

利用热重红外联用仪(TG-FTIR)和快速热解-气相色谱/质谱联用仪(Py-GC/MS),对生物质三组分(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)的热解失重规律、动力学和挥发分组分及其含量进行了对比研究。TG/DTG曲线表明,纤维素热解失重区间最窄,峰值处热解失重率最大;半纤维的最易发生降解,存在两个失重区间;而木质素热解过程最缓慢,热解温度范围最广。三维FTIR表明,纤维素热解主要产物为CO_2、醛类、酮类和酸类;半纤维素热解主要产物与纤维素一致,但是CO_2含量比其他几类组分高很多;木质素热解主要产物为CO_2和芳香烃类。Py-GC/MS分析表明,纤维素热解有机组分主要为呋喃类和脱水糖类,呋喃类产物在600℃时达到最大值43.34%,脱水糖类产物在500℃时达到最大值27.78%;半纤维素热解主要产物为酮类和呋喃类,两者含量随着热解温度增加呈逐渐下降趋势;木质素热解主要产物为酚类,总酚含量在热解温度500℃时达到最大值78%,其中愈创木酚型(G-型)酚的含量最高63.43%。     

甘肃定西地区竹柳长势及材质研究

本文对定西市引种试验的一年半生竹柳材的长势及竹柳材微观构造,材性做了研究。结果表明:试验竹柳在长势方面低于其他地区栽种的竹柳;试验竹柳材的微观构造符合杨柳科柳属木材(Salix spp.)的特征;竹柳材的基本密度为0.291 g/cm~3,接近1年生三倍体毛白杨的基本密度;竹柳材的灰分为0.42%,综纤维素、纤维素和木质素含量分别为73.18%、43.87%、19.16%,接近于三倍体毛白杨的含量。     

中国15个主产区毛竹纤维形态比较

【目的】比较中国15个毛竹主产区毛竹纤维的形态差异,为毛竹优质造纸原料的筛选提供参考。【方法】利用Jeffery离析法制取毛竹纤维,显微观察并统计分析纤维外部形态、长度、宽度、长宽比、纤维细胞壁厚及壁腔比等形态学指标。【结果】各地区产毛竹大部分纤维形态均呈正常的两端尖中间大的纺锤体形态,但存在部分变异纤维,变异比率最高可达5.33%; 纤维平均长度均大于2 mm,平均长宽比都大于35。其中,福建武夷山产毛竹纤维平均长度最长且平均长宽比最大,分别为2.93 mm和134.78; 而广东仁化大于 2 mm长度的毛竹纤维所占比例最大,达到了97%。各产区中,毛竹纤维细胞壁厚最小的是湖南桃江(8.96 μm),最大的是广东仁化(15.56 μm)。平均壁腔比最小的为浙江龙游(1.18),最大的为江苏宜兴(2.98)。【结论】中国15 个主产区毛竹纤维在长度上均符合优质造纸原料指标,但综合纤维长度分布频率、长宽比及正常纤维比率看,福建武夷山的毛竹纤维较其他 14 个地区在造纸上更占优势。根据纤维细胞壁厚与壁腔比值,湖南桃江较其他地区在制造质地紧密、不易被撕裂的纸张上具有优势,而广东仁化与江苏宜兴则在制造质地疏松、吸水性能好的纸张上具有较大优势。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.