增压直喷甲醇汽油机在不同喷油时刻下的微粒排放特性

为研究增压直喷甲醇汽油机在不同喷油时刻下的微粒排放特性,在一台增压直喷汽油机上进行了不同喷油时刻下燃用M0、M10、M15和M20(甲醇体积分数分别为0%、10%、15%和20%的甲醇汽油混合燃料)的微粒排放测量试验。结果表明:微粒数量浓度粒径谱密度呈双峰分布,核态微粒峰值粒径主要集中在23.71~27.38 nm,积聚态微粒峰值粒径主要集中在64.94~86.6 nm,各模态微粒峰值变化与数量浓度变化相同,随喷油时刻的推迟先下降后上升,在80°CA ATDC(进气上止点后)喷油时最少,随甲醇比例的增大先升高后降低,燃用M15时最多;燃用纯汽油M0时,发动机在100°CA ATDC喷油时排放微粒最多,燃用甲醇汽油混合燃料时,发动机在40°CA ATDC喷油时排放微粒最多;微粒表面积浓度粒径谱密度均呈单峰分布,峰值粒径主要集中在86.6~153.99 nm,总表面积浓度变化与总数量浓度变化相同,但变化幅度更大。     

控制参数对增压缸内直喷汽油机部分负荷下微粒排放特性的影响

为研究控制参数对缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机微粒排放特性的影响,在一台GDI汽油机上,当控制冷却液温度为(85±2)℃、点火正时为上止点前30°时,研究了部分负荷下喷油压力、喷油正时和过量空气系数对微粒的粒径分布特性和数量浓度排放的影响。结果表明,增大喷油压力,微粒数量浓度峰值及其对应的粒径均减小。发动机转速提高,微粒的总数量浓度升高;1 500r/min时的积聚态微粒排放高于核态微粒排放,2 000r/min和2 500r/min时核态微粒排放高于积聚态微粒排放。喷油正时为上止点前270°时,微粒排放最低;喷油正时为上止点前330°时容易形成较多较大尺寸的微粒,微粒数量浓度比其他喷油时刻高出一个数量级。增大过量空气系数,采用偏稀混合气可以降低微粒排放数量,采用浓混合气,核态微粒数量浓度高于积聚态微粒。该结果可为增压缸内直喷汽油机微粒排放特性研究提供参考。     

点火时刻对怠速工况缸内直喷汽油机微粒排放特性的影响

为研究缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机典型工况、怠速工况时的微粒排放特性,在一台4G15缸内直喷汽油机上,通过控制冷却液温度为(80±1)℃、喷油时刻为上止点前310°、过量空气系数为1,研究了点火时刻对缸内直喷汽油机怠速工况微粒粒径分布特性的影响。结果表明:微粒数量浓度和表面积浓度随着点火时刻的提前而增加;微粒数量浓度随粒径分布呈单峰状态,核模态微粒数量浓度粒径分布峰值很小且不明显,积聚模态微粒数量浓度明显高于核模态微粒数量浓度;微粒的体积浓度随点火时刻的提前而增大,核模态微粒体积浓度占总体积浓度的比例随点火时刻的提前而减小。     

天然气缸内直喷发动机在不同喷射和点火时刻下的排放与燃烧特性

在一台缸内直喷火花点火天然气发动机上对不同喷射时刻和点火时刻下的微粒排放进行了试验研究,并对相关的燃烧和排放特性进行了分析.研究结果表明:随着喷油时刻和点火时刻的提前,发动机微粒排放增多;峰值粒径出现在29 nm附近,数量浓度达到1×107cm-3,而微粒的粒径分布没有发生太大变化;火焰发展期随着喷油时刻的提前而缩短,快速燃烧期在190°时达到最小值;随着点火时刻的提前,火焰发展期变长,快速燃烧期先减小后增大;NOx和HC排放均随喷油时刻和点火时刻的提前而增大.     

曲轴箱窜气在低转速下对GDI汽油机微粒排放特性影响的实验研究

为了研究缸内直喷汽油机典型工况,低转速工况时的微粒排放特性,在一台EA211缸内直喷汽油机上,通过控制在1000 r/min时的不同负荷,以及曲轴箱通过进气门引入到燃烧室的的窜气量;此时的油气分离器出气口已经被堵死,窜气主要由机油盖处钻的孔引出。结果表明:微粒数量浓度在低转速下会随着负荷的增加而不断增加,微粒数量浓度随粒径分布呈单峰分布,核模态粒径分布增加明显且呈明显的单峰分布;而积聚态粒径分布增加不明显。微粒数量浓度会随着窜气量的增加不断增加,且核模态粒径单峰分布的峰值会向粒径大的方向偏移。     

机油消耗量对缸内直喷汽油机微粒排放影响规律的研究

缸内直喷汽油机以其出色的经济性和瞬态响应性能得到了市场的广泛认可,但其类似于柴油机的喷射特点决定了汽油缸内混合时间短、混合气局部过浓并使得其微粒生成的质量和数量增加;此外机油不可避免地参与燃烧也会影响微粒排放特性。为研究机油消耗量对缸内直喷汽油机微粒排放影响规律,本文采用DMS500粒径分析仪对一台GDI发动机不同机油消耗量条件下的微粒粒径分布特性进行研究。研究结果表明：改变油气分离器的状态可以显著改变GDI发动机的机油消耗量;怠速工况下机油消耗量增加会导致微粒生成质量和数量浓度显著升高;低速工况下,中低负荷时,机油消耗量增加,微粒的质量浓度增加;高负荷时影响不明显。中速工况下,机油消耗量对微粒排放影响不明显。     

M15对增压直喷汽油机小负荷工况下燃烧和性能的影响

在一台缸内直喷汽油机上,针对M15(汽油中甲醇添加体积比例为15%)和M0(汽油中甲醇添加体积比例为0,即纯汽油)两种燃料,试验研究了点火提前角、喷油提前角和喷射压力等控制参数的调整对样机在小负荷、低转速下,燃烧、性能及排放的影响规律和影响差异。研究结果表明:相同喷射脉宽及控制参数条件下,M15汽油的最高燃烧压力比M0的低4%,但最高压力点对应的曲轴转角与M0基本相同。相同喷射脉宽下,燃用M15比燃用M0的发动机输出扭矩下降约10%左右,但燃油经济性有所提高,并分别存在一个点火提前角和喷油提前角,使得转矩最大、燃油消耗率最小,此点火提前角为20°CA(BTDC)、喷油提前角为300°CA(BTDC);而喷射压力对转矩和燃油消耗率影响较小。当使用M15燃料后,HC、CO和NO_x排放均比M0有所降低;M15和M0的HC、CO和NO_x排放均随点火提前角减小而减小;随喷油提前角的变化呈现不规律的变化;喷射压力对HC和NO_x排放的影响不很明显,而对CO呈波动状态。     

甲醇-汽油混合燃料对汽油机性能和排放的影响

通过汽油机燃用甲醇-汽油混合燃料（其中甲醇的体积分数为109／6，汽油的体积分数为90％，简称M10燃料）和汽油的对比试验，研究了M10燃料对汽油机性能和排放的影响，并用气相色谱仪测量了尾气中的甲醇和甲醛排放．试验研究表明：汽油机燃用M10燃料对汽油机动力性影响不大，但汽油机有效热效率和燃油经济性提高，排温有所降低；CO和HC排放减少，NOx排放与燃用汽油时相当；甲醇和甲醛排放增加．排气经三效催化转化器后，CO、HC和NOx排放可以被控制在与常规汽油机排放相当的水平，甲醇和甲醛排放可以被控制在接近零排放的水平．     

燃料特性和工况对直喷汽油机微粒排放的影响

在一台四缸增压直喷式汽油机上研究了其微粒粒径分布特性,考察了燃料属性(T90温度、乙醇添加)、发动机运行工况参数(负荷、点火时刻等)、喷射策略(喷射时刻、2次喷射)对微粒粒径分布以及微粒数目的影响规律.研究发现:T90温度对微粒排放有显著的影响,T90温度升高,微粒排放增加;增压直喷式汽油在中等负荷下的微粒排放浓度最高,在大负荷下由于轨压升高和高温排气的氧化,最大微粒排放浓度反而减小;汽油中添加10%的乙醇可以使得微粒排放适度减少;较早的喷射时刻使得燃料蒸发时间延长,混合气更加均匀,有助于减少微粒排放;而2次喷射有助于抑制微粒排放,选择合适的第2次喷射时刻,可使其抑制效果最佳;点火时刻对微粒排放影响显著,推迟点火可以减少直喷式汽油机的微粒排放.     

稀燃条件下废气再循环对缸内直喷汽油机微粒排放粒径分布的影响

在一台壁面/空气导向组合式喷雾的汽油缸内直喷(GDI)发动机上进行废气再循环(EGR)实验,以研究稀燃条件下EGR对GDI发动机均质和分层模式下微粒排放粒径分布及燃烧的影响。实验结果表明:EGR的引入会抑制缸内燃烧,使缸压和瞬时放热率峰值降低、燃烧相位推迟、碳氢化合物排放增多;在均质和分层模式下随着EGR率升高,核态粒子数量浓度均呈先降后增的趋势,即存在最优EGR率使核态粒子数量浓度最低,均质模式下最优EGR率为8%,降幅为未加入EGR时的50%左右,而分层模式最优EGR率为5%,降幅只有20%左右;在分层模式下,积聚态粒子数量浓度随EGR率不断升高而持续降低;均质模式相较分层模式产生的积聚态粒子较少、核态粒子较多,2 000r/min相较1 500r/min产生的积聚态粒子较多、核态粒子较少。该结果可为直喷汽油机稀薄燃烧的微粒排放控制提供参考。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to