倾转旋翼-机翼气动干扰准定常多重参考系仿真和风洞试验

倾转过渡状态下气动力的急剧变化是导致倾转旋翼飞行器姿不稳定重要原因。采用风洞试验和数值仿真方法研究前飞状态和倾转过渡状态倾转旋翼对机翼的气动干扰。首先,分别计算了悬停状态标模和前飞状态8038旋翼的拉力,数值仿真结果与试验结果符合良好。然后,针对倾转旋翼-机翼气动干扰建立了计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics,CFD）数值仿真模型和搭建了风洞试验平台。结果表明：前飞状态随着前进比的增大机翼气动力系数降低且趋于与单机翼气动特性一致。倾转过渡状态,当旋翼倾角小于75°,随着前进比的增大机翼升力系数由负值逐渐增大。倾转角对机翼气动特性的影响随前进比的增大而降低。分析了倾转旋翼-机翼在升力方向和前飞方向上的气动力,研究结果对进一步完善倾转旋翼飞机设计及试飞试验成功提供了参考。     

共轴刚性旋翼气动特性试验与分析

在航空工业气动院FL-52风洞开展了共轴刚性旋翼气动特性风洞试验,通过合理的操纵与配平策略,实现了共轴刚性旋翼配平,并对悬停、多种前飞状态下气动特性及升力偏置对旋翼操纵特性及性能的影响机理进行了研究。结果表明,试验取得了比较好的配平效果,桨毂力矩、合扭矩及升力偏置配平误差分别优于±2 N·m、±0.5 N·m、±0.01;悬停状态扭矩配平与非配平状态下,上旋翼效率都大于下旋翼;前飞状态升力偏置可有效提升大前进比时旋翼气动效率而小前进比时则并不明显,升力偏置的增大会使上下旋翼的桨毂滚转力矩大幅增加。     

地面声学环境下的无人机螺旋桨气动噪声试验

为了研究某无人机螺旋桨在地面起飞工况下的气动噪声,研制了螺旋桨气动噪声试验平台,在地面声学环境下开展了螺旋桨的气动噪声试验,获取了螺旋桨的气动性能和远场噪声特性,分析了拉力、扭矩等气动参数和远场噪声指向性等随螺旋桨转速、桨叶角的变化规律。结果表明：拉力、扭矩等气动参数随着转速、桨叶角的增大而增大;远场噪声最大的区域随着螺旋桨转速和桨叶角的变化而移动;所建立的试验平台和方案可以为飞机螺旋桨的气动噪声评估和优化提供帮助。     

FL-52风洞Ф1.5m直径共轴刚性旋翼试验台研制

为满足国内高速共轴对转旋翼气动特性及流动机理风洞试验研究的需要,在中国航空工业空气动力研究院FL-52声学风洞开展了Ф1.5 m直径共轴刚性旋翼试验台的研制(简称共轴旋翼试验台)。该共轴旋翼试验台由试验台架系统和旋翼测控系统组成,通过一台高功率密度交流变频电机驱动上下旋翼同步反转,可实现旋翼主轴倾角、旋翼转速、旋翼总距及周期变距等同步精准控制功能。通过共轴旋翼试验台地面模态测试及动平衡调整,排除了试验台转速频率与固有频率的共振关联性;利用该共轴旋翼试验台开展1.5 m直径旋翼风洞试验。结果表明:在悬停和前飞状态下,配平策略合理,悬停状态上旋翼效率大于下旋翼,扭矩配平状态下,上旋翼拉力在总拉力中的占比变化不大。     

风速对小型旋翼无人机螺旋桨的影响分析

为研究风速对小型旋翼无人机的气动特性的影响,在中国民航大学风洞试验室模拟不同来流下无人机的飞行状态,通过动力测试系统测量螺旋桨的拉力、扭矩、系统效率、桨力效等参数,并分析了风速对螺旋桨性能参数的影响。并进行了计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟,计算了T-MOTOR直径558mm的碳纤维螺旋桨,并与试验结果进行对比验证模型的有效性。通过试验与数值模拟分析风速影响下小型旋翼螺旋桨不同风速与不同转速的参数变化。结果表明,数值模拟与风洞试验具有一致性,其中扭矩误差在5%以内,拉力误差在13%以内,且风速对小型旋翼无人机动力系统参数具有极大的影响,对无人机飞行的安全性具有严重的威胁。通过研究可为小型旋翼无人机的优化与风速对适航安全提供参考。     

基于多体动力学的直升机桨叶特性仿真分析

 针对无人直升机旋翼桨叶性能改进升级的实际需求,以200 kg 级无人机旋翼为原型建模,利用COMOSOL 软件对直升机桨叶特性进行仿真分析研究。基于叶素法建立了桨叶升力的数学模型,克服了常规旋翼动力学仿真分析时气动载荷加载棘手的难题;通过研究直升机桨叶的空间旋转运动与其弹性变形间的耦合关系,得出了桨叶攻角、升力、桨尖位移随总距以及周期变距的变化曲线。将仿真结果与常规数值分析结果比较,验证了仿真结果的准确性。根据仿真结果提出了对桨叶迎角、桨叶前缘刚度等的具体改进建议,可为桨叶的改进设计提供参考依据。     

变转速对旋翼悬停气动性能影响的试验与分析

为研究转速变化对旋翼悬停性能的影响,通过旋翼计算流体力学方法建模分析和缩比模型旋翼台试验的方法,以自研无铰式刚性旋翼为对象,研究了旋翼转速对悬停性能的影响规律。结果表明：基于运动嵌套网格和非定常流场求解建立的旋翼计算流体力学方法对悬停状态的气动性能计算精度较高,最大误差为6.84%;模型旋翼试验数据有效,具有良好的重复性;转速降低后相同总距对应的拉力系数更小,悬停效率拐点对应的拉力系数更大;拉力越小,变转速所节省的功率越明显,低拉力时可节省超过40%需用功率。可见改变转速可以显著提升悬停状态的旋翼气动性能。     

机翼前掠过程气动中心变化规律

基于一种滑轨式变前掠翼布局飞行器,采用三维N-S控制方程的有限体积法离散格式,对不同状态下飞行器的气动中心进行数值计算,得到了变前掠翼布局飞行器气动中心的位置。在相同马赫数下,总结了变前掠翼布局飞行器气动中心随前掠角的变化规律;在相同前掠角下,总结了变前掠翼布局飞行器气动中心随马赫数的变化规律。通过机体表面压力云图以及机翼截面压力系数分布图,分析了变前掠翼布局飞行器气动载荷分布,总结了引起气动中心变化的原因。结果表明:在相同马赫数下,气动中心随前掠角的增大,先少量后移再较大前移;在相同前掠角下,随着飞行马赫数的增大,气动中心均向后移动,移动量在可接受范围内;选取合适的任务模式,可使气动中心仅在小范围移动。     

陆空平台旋翼叶型参数气动性能多目标优化研究

陆空平台兼具旋翼无人机和无人车的特点,对各种室内外复杂作业环境均有较佳的适应性,但不同作业环境对旋翼的升力、悬停效率等气动性能的需求并不一致,单一叶型难以满足这种差异化需求. 针对此问题,基于类函数/形函数方法,以伯恩斯坦多项式对翼型弦长、扭转角和旋翼前缘位置沿径向的分布进行了参数化表述,实现原旋翼叶型的三维参数建模重构,随后采用数值方法进行了关键叶型参数对气动性能的敏感性分析. 计算结果表明,翼尖附近的弦长和扭转角对气动性能影响较大,且弦长和扭转角间存在明显的交互效应. 据此以升力和品质因子为目标,对原旋翼叶型进行了多目标优化设计并进行了试验验证,试验结果表明,高升力叶型的旋翼升力系数提高了13.2%,高品质因子叶型的旋翼品质因子提高了37.8%,基于伯恩斯坦多项式与类函数/形函数方法结合的叶型三维参数化优化方法,能够有效提升旋翼升力或品质因子等气动性能指标.      

共轴八旋翼飞行器气动特性三维数值模拟分析

以周向均布四组共轴单元组成的八旋翼飞行器为研究对象,采用计算流体力学的方法,通过商业软件FLUENT对整机飞行器进行数值模拟研究,得到旋翼附近流场的涡流粘度云图、压力云图和流线图. 由结果分析可知,采用单相流模型及Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型可以有效地模拟该共轴八旋翼在工作转速下的气动特性. 当旋翼旋转时,靠近旋翼壁面的流速明显变快,并在旋翼横截面曲率最大处达到最大值. 由于上旋翼尾迹的影响,压差大的区域主要集中在旋翼桨尖附近,此时流线分布也表明共轴上下旋翼之间以及相邻共轴旋翼单元之间存在强烈的气动干扰,这部分干扰可能有利于提高整机升力.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.