CO_2驱油泡沫防气窜技术实验研究

腰英台油田CO_2驱油先导试验中CO_2过早气窜,降低波及体积,影响区块产能。采用岩芯切割技术制作了低渗透裂缝性岩芯模型,通过岩芯驱替实验研究了不同CO_2泡沫注入方式对低渗透裂缝性岩芯封堵能力的影响以及水驱或气驱后CO_2泡沫驱提高采收率的效果。实验结果表明:CO_2泡沫能增加流体在裂缝中的流动阻力,有效降低驱替液流度,阻力因子在46~80;泡沫在裂缝中存在启动压力,它将影响泡沫起始阶段的流动。对于水驱和气驱之后采用泡沫驱的岩芯,采收率分别增加了26%和35%,揭示了泡沫提高低渗透裂缝性油藏采收率机理。     

低渗透油田CO2驱泡沫封窜技术研究与应用

为有效地封堵气窜通道和提高驱油效率,研制了SD—4和SD—5两套泡沫配方体系,在pH=3、含油60%的条件下,SD—4体系泡沫的膨胀倍数为4.1、泡沫半衰期83 h、阻力因子120。现场试验表明,二氧化碳泡沫能有效封堵气窜通道,扩大二氧化碳气体的波及体积,降低无效循环,提高驱油效率,试验井注气压力升高6.0 MPa,连通油井见到了明显的增油降气效果,该技术具有较好的发展前景,为其它气驱提供借鉴。     

靖边乔家洼油区裂缝性特低渗透油藏CO_2驱油气窜控制方法的适应性研究

针对延长油田靖边乔家洼油区由于储层微裂缝发育而出现的受益井区生产井发生CO_2气窜的问题,采用非均质人造岩心开展水气交替驱、小分子胺封堵后的CO_2驱和改性淀粉封堵后的CO_2驱实验,同时采用径向流模型开展了验证实验,以评价3类方法抑制CO_2气窜的适应范围及在目标储层中的适应性。实验结果表明:水气交替驱、小分子胺封堵后的CO_2驱及改性淀粉封堵后的CO_2驱3类方法抑制CO_2气窜和提高CO_2驱油效率在储层中的渗透率级差适用范围分别为小于30、30~150、150~500;3类方法在目标地层的适应性较好。     

添加纳米SiO_2颗粒的泡沫表面性质及调剖性能

泡沫驱在三次采油中取得了很好的开采效果,但是泡沫的稳定性制约其应用,在表面活性剂中加入纳米SiO_2以提高泡沫的稳定性。利用Tracker全自动界面流变仪测量复配体系的表面张力和界面扩张黏弹模量;利用微观驱油试验模型分析添加纳米SiO_2泡沫体系的驱油机制并与普通泡沫体系进行对比;利用岩心试验研究纳米SiO_2含量对泡沫体系驱油效果的影响。结果表明:随着纳米颗粒质量分数的增加,泡沫的稳定性和界面扩张黏弹模量均增加;泡沫稳定性的增强可以有效避免气液分离现象,使气泡更好地圈闭气体,提高泡沫的封堵效率,增加波及体积;界面扩张黏弹模量增强可以加强对孔道壁面油的挤压和携带作用;随着纳米SiO_2质量分数的增加,含油岩心的采收率及压差均上升,与普通泡沫驱比采收率可提高25%以上。     

低渗油田N2驱气窜特征及泡沫防窜实验研究

针对B油田氮气驱气窜问题,通过室内物理模拟实验分析了长岩心N₂驱替过程的生产特征和气窜规律,由于B油田具有高温高盐低渗的特点,采用瓦林搅拌法筛选出合适的泡沫防窜体系,并通过物理模拟实验研究了体系的防窜效果和注入时机。实验结果表明,以采出程度和累积气油比作为指标可将气驱过程划分为三个阶段：无气采油阶段、油气同产阶段、气窜阶段。适合目标油田的泡沫防窜体系是：0.6%ZHDQ-5起泡剂+0.1%WP-1稳泡剂溶液。该体系封堵率可达到90%,推荐在累积气油比达到20 cm³/cm³注入泡沫防窜体系,可在前期气驱的基础上提高采收率17%。     

非均质特低渗透油藏CO_2驱气窜规律研究

特低渗透油藏在二氧化碳驱油过程中极易发生气窜现象,严重影响注气开发效果。为了有效地封堵气窜优势通道,提高二氧化碳气驱的波及体积和驱油效率,建立不同渗透率级别的非均质岩芯模型、高渗透带气窜模型、裂缝模型等室内实验模型,测得二氧化碳在不同阶段的见气时间、气窜时间及采出程度;在此基础上选用含地层水、淀粉、不饱和单体、交联剂、成胶控制剂等组分的高强度高性能封窜剂(乙二胺)在不同渗透类型岩芯模型进行二氧化碳封窜控制实验。实验结果表明,二氧化碳气体的波及体积受气窜影响严重,岩芯非均质性越强,气窜现象越严重,气驱效果越差;在渗透率级差较小的情况下,采出程度随渗透率级差的增加而降低,当级差大于100时,采出程度急剧下降,气窜严重,低渗透储层难以波及到,造成总采出程度低。通过高强度高性能乙二胺封窜剂,能够稳定封堵基质中的相对高渗层的窜流,有效扩大二氧化碳驱的波及体积有效扩大CO_2驱的波及体积,室内提高采收率30%以上。     

交替式注入泡沫复合驱实验研究

针对孤岛油田中二中Ng34聚合物驱后油藏条件,通过物模手段研究了交替式注入泡沫复合驱的特征及驱油能力。长细管实验表明,交替式注入泡沫复合驱,低气液比时模型两端的封堵压差上升缓慢,交替周期越大封堵效果越差。非均质模型驱油实验表明,泡沫复合驱主要是通过扩大波及体积来提高采收率,在与聚合物驱相同注入量条件下,其封堵能力是聚合物驱的2倍。     

氮气泡沫热水驱油室内实验研究

利用现场提供的起泡剂和原油等原料 ,在室内对泡沫剂进行了评价 ,对岩心驱油效果及改善波及体积进行了实验研究 ,分析了氮气泡沫热水驱提高采收率的机理 ,并对影响氮气泡沫热水驱油效率的泡沫剂的起泡性、半衰期、最优气液比、起泡剂质量分数等因素进行了分析。结果表明 ,在一定起泡剂质量分数范围内 ,随着气泡质量分数的增加 ,起泡能力、半衰期和阻力因子也增加。最优气液比为 1∶2 ,最佳气泡剂质量分数为 0 .3%。在非均质油层(模型 )中泡沫的驱油效果比在均质油层 (模型 )中的更好 ,残余油饱和度降低了 2 1.1% ,采收率提高了 31.2 %。     

中高渗油藏空气泡沫封堵与流度控制实验研究

注空气是提高采收率的有效技术;但对于中高渗、非均质油藏,单纯注空气容易引发气窜,加剧老井腐蚀,带来安全隐患。因此,针对此类油藏进行空气驱,需要加入泡沫进行封堵和流度控制。通过室内实验,进行了空气泡沫封堵能力影响因素的敏感性分析,研究了空气泡沫段塞在不同驱替方式和不同驱替速率下的流度控制作用。研究结果表明,温度对空气泡沫稳定性有不利影响;在实验压力范围内,高压可以提高空气泡沫的稳定性;当气液比在1∶1~2∶1之间时,空气泡沫的封堵能力达到最大值;泡沫段塞后气驱,体系阻力因子先增大后减小;泡沫段塞后水驱,在一段时间内体系的阻力因子持续增大;无论是泡沫段塞后气驱还是泡沫段塞后水驱,较高的注入速率会带来较强的封堵能力。     

氮气泡沫热水驱油室内实验研究

利用现场提供的起泡剂和原油等原料，在室内对泡沫剂进行了评价，对岩心驱油效果及改善波及体积进行了实验研究，分析了氮气泡沫热水驱提高采收率的机理，并对影响氮气泡沫热水驱油效率的泡沫剂的起泡性、半衰期、最优气液比、起泡剂质量分数等因素进行了分析。结果表明，在一定起泡剂质量分数范围内，随着气泡质量分数的增加，起泡能力、半衰期和阻力因子也增加。最优气液比为1：2，最佳气泡剂质量分数为0．3％。在非均质油层(模型)中泡沫的驱油效果比在均质油层(模型)中的更好，残余油饱和度降低了21．1％，采收率提高了31．2％。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.