元杂剧创制年代推考

《录鬼簿》的作者钟嗣成、《太和正音谱》的作者朱权等人都认为元杂剧创制于关汉卿，而关汉卿作品中的有关内容及关汉卿同曲家、杂剧作家与演员的交往等事实．证明关汉卿的创作活动在1350－1300年之间而不会早于1240年，由此即可知元杂剧的创制也不会早于1240年。同时，杜善夫《庄稼不识勾栏》套曲、杂剧家石君宝的创作活动、《元典章》中有关禁戏的法令以及新绛县吴岭庄墓戏剧砖雕等材料，说明元杂剧在13世纪70年代就已流行，再考虑到它同关汉卿初创杂剧时的时间距离，就可以推断出元杂剧的创制不晚于1260年。由此即可知：元杂剧必创制于1240年至1260年的20年间。     

元杂剧中的郑州古韵

郑州为中国八大古都之一,有着极其深厚的历史、文化积淀,而元杂剧作为中国戏曲最早的成熟形态,其兴盛的中心正与郑州毗邻,因此以郑州为故事背景的元杂剧自是不少,其中不乏经典之作.本文以其中几篇杂剧为例,结合史料,试探元杂剧中蕴藏的郑州古韵.     

舞蹈向元杂剧转变的作家心理因素

舞蹈以独立的姿态经历了辉煌的唐代,到元朝被杂剧吸收运用,成其为不可分割的组成部分。综观整个转变过程,其中有着舞蹈本身内在发展的必然性,也有着元杂剧作家矛盾、失衡的心理驱动,客观上初步完成了杂剧的多元统一,从而使舞蹈融入新的艺术样式———杂剧。     

明初杂剧思想内容和形式特点

元代是戏曲昌盛的时代，它达到了杂剧的顶峰。明代杂剧继承了元杂剧的余脉，但走上一条不同于元杂剧的发展道路，从而为中国戏曲史增添了一抹异彩；据庄一拂《古典戏曲存目汇考》著录，明代三百多年问，杂剧作家共计一百二十二人，作者有姓名可考的其作品达三     

论元明两朝杂剧士人形象所反映的社会文化思潮之歧异

引言本文所涉及的明人杂剧,主要指明中叶后即正德、嘉靖以降的所谓“南杂剧”,间有以北杂剧的形式写作,而思想、艺术意境已与元杂剧南辕北辙的少数明代作品。至于元、明间失载名氏的百余种作品,虽大抵可考定为出自明代教坊,但因其关目粗疏,因袭模拟,甚少思想价值、艺术价值,故置不论。又明前期杂剧,数量既少,且鲜有时代风格可言,仅能视作元杂剧的余绪,故亦置不论。     

论元明文化的转变对明人改动元杂剧特点的影响

明本元杂剧剧本较之《元刊杂剧三十种》有很大的不同。造成这种不同的原因之一是明代人对元代人的杂剧剧本进行了改动,所以明本元杂剧剧本中有些地方呈现出明代独有的戏曲特点,归纳起来,主要有两方面：一是丑角角色的新增以及其他人物说白的戏谑化;二是情节改动后呈现出大团圆结局的强化。这两个特点的形成与明代地域文化与政治专制统治的加强有关联,因此在研究明本元杂剧时,要注意认清明本元杂剧中的明代戏曲特点,而不能将其看成是元杂剧的本来面貌。     

各还命脉各精神--元杂剧女性形象类型抽样分析

北曲杂剧创作的最辉煌的时代在元代，因成就杰出而与“唐诗”、“宋词”并称为一代之文学，而元杂剧女性形象的塑造为元杂剧赢得了很高的声名。本文通过对元杂剧女性形象的抽样分析，揭示出元杂剧女性形象对前代文学形象的超越以及形成元杂剧女性形象性格特征的社会原因。     

评散曲《集杂剧名咏情》的价值

元人孙季昌创作了套数《集杂剧名咏情》,作品汇集杂剧名称六十个,不仅为后世研究元杂剧提供了史料,同时,巧用杂剧名抒写了一曲闺怨离情之歌,这种形式与全曲内容相谐相契,诡喻出奇,达到了完美的艺术效果。     

元杂剧兴衰原因探论

杂剧在有元一代获得蓬勃发展 ,迅即进入峰巅状态。但是随着杂剧中心的南移 ,杂剧也由兴盛走向了衰落 ,在同南戏的竞争中 ,终于为南戏所压倒。元代杂剧的兴盛繁荣是由于元代统治者对歌舞、戏曲的特殊爱好 ,也有赖于元代社会经济特别是城市经济的繁荣 ,还有赖于思想文化政策的宽松开放及各民族文化的交流融合 ,而知识分子社会地位的低下和科举制度较长时间的废止使很多文人走向勾栏瓦肆也对元杂剧的繁荣起了积极的推动作用。元杂剧在后期逐步趋向衰落是因为元蒙统治者在政权得到巩固之后加强了对思想文化的控制 ,民族矛盾的相对缓和及科举制度的恢复又使文人对统治阶级产生了幻想而致力科举进身 ,加上杂剧中心的南移失去赖以生长的土壤 ,同时元杂剧一本四折的有限体制及一个角色主唱到底、其他角色只有说白的表演模式不利于人物形象的塑造和戏剧矛盾的展开 ,最终就被不限折数、角色都能唱的南戏取代了其中心地位     

元杂剧风格变化探略

与元代政治、文化制度的变化相伴随 ,杂剧的主题和风格在前后期呈现着不同的特点。这种变化 ,既是时代特点在文学上的投影 ,更与作家素质的下降密切相关。此外 ,杂剧中心的南移 ,文人积习的回归也是不可忽视的原因。探讨元杂剧风格变化的原因 ,有助于认识杂剧乃至通俗文学发展的某些特点和规律     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…