羧甲基化的非离子型表面活性剂与石油磺酸盐的复配试验

对羧甲基化的非离子型表面活性剂进行了应用研究，考察了这种非离子－阴离子两性活性剂的耐盐能力和界面张力，研究了与石油磺酸盐复配的性能。试验表明，这种两性活性课题卫石油磺酸复配，不仅能大大改善石油碘酸盐的耐盐性能。而且由于存在界面张力协同效应，不需添加低分子量的醇即能使复配体系与癸烷的界面张力达到超低，适合于高矿化度地层驱油。     

羧甲基化的非离子型表面活性剂与石油磺酸盐的复配试验

对羧甲基化的非离子型表面活性剂进行了应用研究.考察了这种非离子- 阴离子两性活性剂的耐盐能力和界面张力,研究了其与石油磺酸盐复配的性能.试验表明,这种两性活性剂与石油磺酸盐复配,不仅能大大改善石油磺酸盐的耐盐性能,而且由于存在界面张力协同效应,不需添加低分子量的醇即能使复配体系与癸烷的界面张力达到超低,适合于高矿化度地层驱油.此外还进行了高矿化度条件下的模拟驱油试验,取得好的效果.     

改性木质素磺酸盐表面活性剂合成及性能研究

以草浆或木浆碱木素为原料,经过与脂肪多胺的曼尼希反应、与油酰氯的酰化反应和磺甲基化反应,合成了一系列含有酰胺结构的改性木质素磺酸盐表面活性剂．对改性木质素磺酸盐界面性能进行了测试,讨论了表面活性剂质量分数及碱质量分数对界面张力的影响．结果表明改性产品具有非常优良的界面活性,单独使用即可在较宽的表面活性剂质量分数和碱质量分数的变化范围内,形成超低油-水界面张力,符合三次采油的基本要求．     

重烷基苯磺酸盐溶液与原油间动态界面张力的实验研究

测定了重烷基苯磺酸盐溶液与大庆原油间的动态界面张力，考察了NaOH、Na2CO3、部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）和重烷基苯磺酸盐对动态界面张力的影响。结果表明，在大庆采油四厂原油ASP驱中，选用NaOH作碱剂容易产生低界面张力；当NaOH的浓度在一定范围内时，大庆采油四厂原油与重烷基苯磺酸盐体系间的界面张力能够达到超低值（10^-2mN/m）；NaOH对产生低界面张力的作用比HPAM和重烷基苯磺酸盐更显著。重烷基苯磺酸盐具有优良的表面活性，有望成为较理想的复合驱用表面活性剂。     

重烷基苯磺酸盐溶液与原油间动态界面张力的实验研究

测定了重烷基苯磺酸盐溶液与大庆原油间的动态界面张力 ,考察了NaOH、Na2 CO3 、部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM )和重烷基苯磺酸盐对动态界面张力的影响。结果表明 ,在大庆采油四厂原油ASP驱中 ,选用NaOH作碱剂容易产生低界面张力 ;当NaOH的浓度在一定范围内时 ,大庆采油四厂原油与重烷基苯磺酸盐体系间的界面张力能够达到超低值 ((10 -2 mN/m) ;NaOH对产生低界面张力的作用比HPAM和重烷基苯磺酸盐更显著。重烷基苯磺酸盐具有优良的表面活性 ,有望成为较理想的复合驱用表面活性剂。     

二壬基酚聚氧丙烯醚磺酸盐-碱-桩西原油的动态界面张力研究

以壬基酚生产过程中的副产物二壬基酚为原料,合成了氧丙烯平均链节数为5.01的二壬基酚聚氧丙烯醚磺酸盐(DNPPS).界面张力测定表明:DNPPS/桩西稠油的动态界面张力平衡值为0.13mN/m,比以壬基酚为原料合成的具有相似氧乙烯链节的其他非离子-阴离子表面活性剂动态平衡界面张力都低.为进一步降低DNPPS/桩西稠油的界面张力,将DNPPS与碳酸钠进行了复配.发现当体系中Na2CO3与DNPPS质量比为10∶1左右时,二者之间有明显的协同效应;在Na2CO3质量分数为0.1%的复配体系中添加质量分数为0.005%～0.010%的DNPPS,可使界面张力降低到10-4mN/m以下.研究对稠油化学驱有指导意义,也为二壬基酚的应用提供了新途径.     

磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的合成及在三次采油中的应用研究

为了提高驱油用表面活性剂降低油水界面张力的能力,以提高原油的采收率.合成了磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂,并将其与石油磺酸盐复合,采用tx-500界面张力仪测定了复合体系降低油水界面张力的能力.研究表明:当质量分数为1%时,磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂-石油磺酸盐复合体系能降低油水界面张力至4×10-4～6×10-4 mN·m-1.磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的加入使得磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂与石油磺酸盐之间产生协同效应,提高了原油的采收率.     

癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂合成及性能研究

以甲基萘和溴代癸烷为原料,合成癸基甲基萘中间体,经磺化、提纯,得到高纯度的癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂.采用HPLC测定了表面活性剂的纯度,为97%.利用IR、UV及ESI-MS对其结构进行了表征.研究了癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂的表面活性和油水界面性能,讨论了表面活性剂质量分数、氢氧化钠质量分数对表面活性剂水溶液/山东胜利油田原油界面张力的影响.结果表明,癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂具有很高的降低溶液表面张力和油/水界面张力的能力和效率;临界胶束浓度为0.26 mmol·L-1,该浓度下的表面张力为31.61 mN·m-1,动态界面张力最低值达到2.59×10-6mN·m-1.癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂有望成为较理想的三次采油用表面活性剂.     

三次采油用石油磺酸盐的合成与性能研究

研究了以大庆馏分油为原料,以发烟硫酸为磺化剂制备石油磺酸盐(NPS)的工艺.并研究了三元复合体系中NPS的浓度、混合碱的浓度对界面张力的影响.     

两种新型石油磺酸盐基复合驱油剂的研制

为提高驱油剂降低油水界面张力的能力,提高原油的采收率,在研究了石油磺酸盐表面活性剂表面活性的基础上,研制了改性纳米二氧化硅-石油磺酸盐和磺酸盐型Gemini-石油磺酸盐两种复合驱油剂,采用TX-500界面张力仪考察了两种复合驱油剂降低胜利油田油水界面张力的能力。研究表明,在一定的浓度条件下,石油磺酸盐能降低油水界面张力至1×10-2mN.m-1,改性纳米二氧化硅-石油磺酸盐复合驱油剂能降低油水界面张力至3.2×10-3mN.m-1,磺酸盐型Gemini-石油磺酸盐复合驱油剂能降低油水界面张力至(4~6)×10-4mN.m-1。与传统驱油剂相比,两种复合驱油剂降低油水界面张力的能力显著提高。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to