马20块复合驱油效果研究

选用大庆炼化相对分子质量为1 900×104,浓度为1 500 mg/L的聚合物溶液,与SS(石油磺酸盐)无碱二元体系;与SS、碳酸钠三元体系。二元体系和三元体系均能达到超低界面张力。对单聚体、二元体和三元体进行了黏弹性、黏度及驱油试验。研究表明,三元体系在表活剂浓度为0.3%、碱浓度为1.2%时,界面张力达到3~10 mN/m,二元体系表活剂浓度为0.3%时也能达到3~10 mN/m;由于没有碱的加入,单聚的黏弹特性要高于复合体系,在复合体系中,二元体系的黏弹特性高于三元体系。人造非均质驱油实验结果得出,SS无碱二元体系的采收率达到了30.1%,比单聚高出6.7%,比三元复合体系高出2.7%。     

三元体系的界面特性对驱油效率的影响机制

大量实验表明,不同碱浓度、相同界面张力的三元驱油体系的驱油效果不同。除了体系黏弹性差异之外,影响驱油效果的因素还可能与界面黏弹性有关。针对这一现象,分别使用相同界面张力、不同界面黏弹性的三元复合体系和相同界面黏弹性、不同界面张力的三元复合体系进行微观驱油实验,通过实验分析油水界面黏弹性、界面张力对驱油效率的影响机制。结果表明:三元体系的界面张力、界面黏弹性均对驱油效率有影响,降低界面张力和界面黏弹性均有利于残余油乳化及驱油效率的提高;三元体系的界面张力低、界面黏弹性低,驱油效率高;随着界面张力和界面黏弹性的降低,三元复合体系对残余油的乳化作用由乳化油滴向乳化油丝转变。上述规律与贝雷岩心实验结果一致。     

强碱三元复合驱后多种调驱剂的驱油效果对比

为了优选出强碱三元复合驱后增油效果最好的调驱剂体系,以大庆杏树岗油田储层为研究对象,通过物理模拟驱油实验研究了恒速和恒压条件下的多种调驱剂在强碱三元复合驱后的驱油效果。结果表明,强碱三元复合驱后注入高浓度聚合物溶液、无碱二元复合体系、弱碱三元复合体系、"聚合物凝胶+无碱二元复合体系"组合以及"聚合物凝胶+弱碱三元复合体系"组合都可以进一步提高采收率,其中"聚合物凝胶+弱碱三元复合体系"组合液流转向效果较好,含水率下降幅度较大,采收率增幅也较大。     

聚驱后聚表二元复合体系提高残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的聚丙烯酰胺/甜菜碱表面活性剂二元复合体系,通过流变性实验,分析了活性剂质量浓度对聚表二元复合体系黏弹性的影响;通过在仿真岩心模型上的驱油实验,分析了不同黏弹性的聚表二元复合体系对聚驱后采收率的影响.研究表明:实验用的两性表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的黏弹性影响很小,二元驱油体系的黏弹性越大,聚驱后二元驱的采收率增加幅度也越大.在注入压力允许的条件下,界面张力不一定要达到超低,适当增加聚合物溶液的黏弹性,也可以达到超低界面张力时的驱油效果.     

BHJ型甜菜碱表活剂物理驱油实验研究

针对三元复合驱中碱的注入所带来的采出液处理困难以及对地层造成损害等问题,运用新型甜菜碱表面活性剂BHJ,论述了不加碱又能达到低界面张力聚合物／表面活性剂二元驱油体系性能。综合所有均质和非均质岩心的实验结果并通过分析,我们认为采用甜菜碱BHJ活性剂的无碱二元驱油体系驱油效果好于采用Ss的弱碱（Na2CO3）三元体系和采用Sy的强碱（NaOH）三元体系。     

弱碱石油磺酸盐提高采收率技术室内实验研究

碱/表活剂/聚合物(ASP)三元复合驱是目前提高采收率效果较好的一项技术,但强碱会带来较为严重的结垢现象。为完善三元复合驱技术,开展了弱碱石油磺酸盐提高采收率技术研究,通过界面活性范围、界面张力稳定性、乳化、吸附和室内岩心驱油实验较系统地评价了弱碱石油磺酸盐体系。研究显示,所评价三元体系界面活性范围很宽,且45℃恒温90天仍可达到超低界面张力;0.4%表活剂+1.2%Na2CO3三元体系具有较好的抗吸附能力;人造岩心可提高采收率27.55%,贝雷岩心可提高24.11%。     

超低界面张力的二元驱油体系对水驱残余油启动和运移机理

针对三元复合驱含碱驱油体系引起地层黏土分散和运移、形成碱垢、导致地层渗透率下降,碱还会大幅度降低聚合物溶液的黏弹性,从而降低波及效率等问题,利用新研制的不加碱可形成超低界面张力两性表面活性剂,通过微观模型驱油实验,分析了聚丙烯酰胺/两性表面活性剂二元复合体系对残余油启动、运移的过程,研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理.研究表明:具有超低界面张力的聚表二元复合体系利用了聚合物溶液的黏弹特性和表面活性剂体系的超低界面张力特性,使采收率大幅度提高.残余油的启动主要以拉成油滴和油丝两种形式,在运移过程中,较大的油滴又形成更容易被驱替液携带的小油滴,从而使驱油效率提高.     

三元组分对弱碱三元复合驱模拟乳状液乳化稳定性的影响

考察弱碱三元组分对大庆油田石油磺酸盐三元复合驱模拟乳状液的乳化稳定动力学参数、界面黏弹性、扩散双电层Zeta电位等稳定参数的影响,研究三元组分对弱碱石油磺酸盐三元复合驱模拟乳状液乳化稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:表面活性剂的两亲性使其吸附于油水界面,质量分数的增加使其形成的油水界面膜稳定性增强,当表面活性剂质量分数高于0.1%时,形成的模拟原油采出液稳定较高,破乳较难;弱碱碳酸钠在三元复合体系起着双重作用,当碳酸钠质量分数小于0.8%时,碳酸钠主要与原油中的酸性物质生成表面活性物质,增加油水界面膜的强度,提高模拟乳状液乳化的稳定性,当碳酸钠质量分数大于0.8%时,碳酸钠的主要作用是中和表面活性剂分子在油水界面膜上的表面电荷,压缩油水界面扩散双电层,降低模拟乳状液的稳定性;聚合物主要是改善油水界面膜的黏弹性,其质量浓度的增加可使吸附在油水界面的有效分子数增多,油水界面的黏弹性增大,从而增强模拟乳状液的稳定性。     

聚驱后超低界面张力泡沫复合驱实验研究

为研究聚驱后超低界面张力泡沫复合驱提高采收率的效果,在大庆油田的油水条件下,用界面张力仪和泡沫评价仪评价了二元发泡剂体系的界面性能和泡沫性能,用泡沫驱油装置研究了聚合物浓度和交替周期对泡沫复合驱效果的影响.实验结果表明,二元发泡剂体系在较宽的表面活性剂和聚合物浓度范围内可以与原油形成超低界面张力.同时二元发泡剂体系具有非常好的泡沫综合指数.聚驱后二元泡沫复合驱可提高采收率15%以上.聚驱后二元泡沫复合驱的气液交替周期越小采收率越高,且气液同注泡沫驱效果最好.在表面活性剂和聚合物用量相同条件下,二元泡沫复合驱效果好于三元泡沫复合驱、二元液驱及高浓度聚驱,且避免了强碱带来的腐蚀、结垢等问题.     

江苏油田三元复合驱研究

针对江苏普通稠油油藏水驱采收率低的问题,通过配方优化和岩心物模驱替实验,构建了适合区块原油的三元复合驱配方。首先通过动态界面张力评价,筛选出了具有较高界面活性的表面活性剂/碱体系;同时采用不同HLB值的表面活性剂复配,优化体系的亲水亲油平衡,获得了具有超低界面张力的二元体系。最后通过岩心驱替物理模拟实验,评价了碱/表二元复合驱、聚合物驱、三元复合驱的驱油能力。结果表明,对于普通稠油油藏,单纯碱/表二元体系由于无法提高波及系数导致其提高采收率能力较差,而三元驱体系可以兼顾波及系数与洗油效率,所以获得了较高的采收率,因此对于水驱稠油提高采收率的首要指标是提高驱油剂的波及效率。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to