利用振幅随炮检距变化检测油气藏的有效方法

振幅随炮检距变化(AVO)检测技术是目前寻找油气藏的主要技术.根据Zoeppritz简化方程,确定出AVO属性,求取公式,通过实际模型确定出储层在含油气与含盐水情况下的差异,可以通过AVO交会图来模拟由烃类因素引起的异常现象和变化趋势.模拟结果表明,应用λρ属性剖面与μρ属性剖面交会图、P波波阻抗与泊松比属性剖面交会图,能够检测出含油气砂岩所引起的异常变化,根据交会图中的异常范围,可以标定出含气层在钻井地层中的位置.验证结果表明,利用AVO属性剖面的交会图确定气层范围是一种有效的方法,其岩性参数计算是AVO反演技术中的关键.     

AVO交会分析及其应用

AVO技术是一种非常实用的地球物理方法，对于寻找油气，特别是针对气藏的勘探有其独特的优势，本文以AVO技术的基本理论为基础，应用Sheuy的Zoeppritz简化方程，结合实际研究资料，讨论了AVO交会图的理论意义及实用价值。从实际资料的分析可以看出，AVO交会分析能突出由烃类因素引起的异常现象，P－G交会图是一种理想的检测与岩性以及不同流体类型相关的AVO响应差异的方法。同时可以根据P－G交会图的特征将砂岩分类，分析它们的物性特征，确定其是否为有利的油气储层。文中应用P－G交会分析研究了鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界山西组P1－s2砂岩，得到明显的异常响应，取得了良好的效果，进一步验证了该方法的可行性。     

AVO交会分析及其应用

AVO技术是一种非常实用的地球物理方法 ,对于寻找油气 ,特别是针对气藏的勘探有其独特的优势 .本文以 AVO技术的基本理论为基础 ,应用 Sheuy的 Zoeppritz简化方程 ,结合实际研究资料 ,讨论了 AVO交会图的理论意义及实用价值 .从实际资料的分析可以看出 ,AVO交会分析能突出由烃类因素引起的异常现象 ,P—G交会图是一种理想的检测与岩性以及不同流体类型相关的AVO响应差异的方法 .同时可以根据 P— G交会图的特征将砂岩分类 ,分析它们的物性特征 ,确定其是否为有利的油气储层 .文中应用 P— G交会分析研究了鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界山西组 P1 - s2砂岩 ,得到明显的异常响应 ,取得了良好的效果 ,进一步验证了该方法的可行性     

独特角度交会技术在振幅随偏移距变化属性解释中的应用

基于角度交会的振幅随偏移距,变化(AVO)分析原理,对四川M气藏的多种叠前AVO反演属性进行综合研究.结果表明:独特角度交会方法比传统AVO交会方法能更好地区分AVO异常;独特颜色编码的交会方式可以定量预测储层流体的分布,大大提高AVO属性解释的能力;独特角度交会方法可应用到叠后地震属性和多种测井曲线的交会中,为地震属性的优化和地质解释提供新的思路和方法.     

薄互层AVO响应特征分析

行业公认技术作为流体检测的重要工具,近年来,在单一薄层AVO响应特征方面取得了许多重要成果,这些成果为地层中单一薄层流体检测定性解释奠定了良好的基础,但作为地层中沉积更为普遍更的地质结构——砂泥岩薄互层,研究相对较少。文中首先对声学介质和弹性介质条件下的薄互层AVO响应进行研究,其次利用交错差分弹性波动方程对韵律型含气等厚薄互层进行数值模拟,研究薄层数和单层厚度对薄互层AVO响应的影响,最后利用梯度的变化特征,对薄互层层进行分类,研究其截距梯度交会(P-G)属性。结果表明,薄互层的AVO响应在声学介质情况下会出现假亮点,在弹性介质中进行数值模拟更加合理。在弹性介质中与单层薄砂岩AVO响应进行比较,发现薄互层单层厚度小于1/8波长时,薄互层对顶面AVO效应起到加强的作用;而当薄互层单层厚度大于1/8波长小于1/4波长时,AVO效应较薄层情况减弱。随着薄互层单层厚度的增加,P-G值发生明显的变化。因此可以根据工区薄互层单层厚度和层数确定出薄互层发育的P-G属性的分布范围,从而指导储层预测,为勘探开发提供依据。     

含油包裹体丰度指数确定油气运聚范围及应用

GOI(含油流体包裹体丰度指标)是流体包裹体丰富程度的一种指标,其大小决定于储层或圈闭内流体的充注程度;其值及属性变化可以反映出油气的充注历史。利用这一属性,对于一个研究区而言,进行系统的GOI取样和测定,可以确定出该区的油气运聚的平面和剖面最大范围。阐述了GOI的定义、确定油气运聚范围基本原理、判别标准及操作方法,在松辽盆地滨北地区的应用结果表明,滨北地区浅部储盖组合油气运聚范围平面上主要集中在靠近滨洲铁路线20000km2的范围内,剖面上主要集中分布在1500m～2000m的深度范围内。通过油气显示方法和源控油气藏分布规律方法进行验证,证明该方法行之有效。     

非目标因素对AVO属性叠加的影响

除了泊松比外,有不少非目标因素会引起振幅随炮检距变化,在AVO属性叠加图上能直观看到它们的影响.AVO的抗干扰性能远低于水平叠加,那些振幅或时差随炮检距单调变化的因素会引起严重的假AVO异常,因此利用AVO方法时,需要作特别精细的叠前处理.地震数据处理,AVO属性盛加.非目标因素;随机嗓声,剩余时差     

利用地震属性进行无井条件下的储层及含油气预测

以BHH盆地ZHA地区为例,探讨了在缺乏钻井资料的条件下,如何充分利用现有地震资料,进行储层预测及烃类检测。结果表明,在做好地震资料“保真”处理的前提下,才能使提取的叠前、叠后地震属性更真实、可信;并综合利用叠后属性中的振幅、弧长、道积分等属性可以很清楚地刻画储层展布特征;利用频率、吸收系数及叠前AVO现象、泊松比变化等属性可以更好地预测油气异常,为钻探提供可靠依据。     

AVO技术在生物礁储层预测中的应用

AVO技术近年来取得重大进展,相继在陆相盆地中进行储层预测准确率较高,而在海相地层中的应用则很少。通过对研究区内的已知井储层段进行AVO分析,得到了该区海相含气储层具有第Ⅳ类AVO异常响应特征,而非含气储层则具有第Ⅲ类AVO异常响应特征。上述结果和陆相含气储层的AVO特征具有较大差异,应该为岩石物理性质——如压实度等引起。其次,低含气饱和度亦可以引起AVO异常是这个方法的局限性,如何识别商业性含气异常和非商业性含气异常是现今AVO分析的努力方向。     

苏里格气田含气储层地震AVO特征

苏里格气田为上古生界碎屑岩系中的致密性砂岩气藏,有效的含气储层具有储层薄、横向变化快的特点,因此难以准确预测有效储层的分布.围绕研究区的地质问题以及储层沉积特点,通过AVO模型正演分析,反映出地震道集上的储层AVO特征,并利用叠前地震反演技术提取的各种地震参数,描述地层的岩性和含流体特征.研究表明:本区砂岩储层属于异常特征明显的第三类AVO异常类型,储层属于中低等产能储层;叠前反演得到储层界面的波阻抗差异非常小,纵横波速度和泊松比均为低值;有效地识别出含气储层的分布范围;通过叠前储层描述技术所优选的井位,取得了良好的钻探效果.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.