酶法制备猪肺抗氧化肽

为了分离制备猪肺抗氧化肽,该文研究了中心组合设计和响应面分析优化猪肺抗氧化肽的提取工艺,以DPPH自由基清除率为响应值,分析了料液比、水解时间和酶浓度对制备抗氧化肽的影响,再通过葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G-50、G-25和G-10对抗氧化肽进行分离纯化,得到了具有抗氧化活性的肽段,测定其清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子、ABTS自由基、羟基自由基以及金属螯合的能力。猪肺抗氧化肽的最佳提取工艺参数为：新鲜猪肺质量与水质量的比例为（料液比）1:3,水解6h,酶浓度为6500U/g,此时DPPH自由基清除率为66.89%;抗氧化活性最强的组分A5清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子、ABTS自由基和羟基自由基的IC50分别为0.073g/L、0.989 g/L、0.192 g/L和1.261 g/L,金属螯合能力的IC50为6.505 g/L;其相对分子质量为175.00Da。     

大鲵肽在牙膏中的应用研究

采用酶法从人工饲养大鲵肉中提取得到大鲵肽,利用串联飞行时间质谱仪(MALDI-TOF/TOF)测定其分子量主要为1 422,1 521,1 746,1 828和1 879,均小于2 000,酶解产物大鲵肽为低聚肽。将提取到的大鲵肽应用到牙膏中,应用自由基清除活性评价方法研究了大鲵肽牙膏的抗氧化活性。结果表明,牙膏中添加质量分数为0.1%的大鲵肽可达到较好的抗氧化效果,其牙膏水溶液具有清除DPPH自由基、羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基以及ABTS自由基的能力。     

凹脉金花茶冲剂抗氧化活性研究

利用大孔树脂对凹脉金花茶中提取的茶多酚成分进行进一步的分离和纯化,探索最优化配方工艺,制备凹脉金花茶抗氧化冲剂。也深入开展所制备冲剂对羟基自由基(·OH)、DPPH·有机自由基和超氧阴离子(O~-_2·)等自由基清除率研究。所开发花茶冲剂在试验浓度下对羟基自由基(·OH)、DPPH·有机自由基和超氧阴离子(O~-_2·)的最大清除率分别为62.52%、85.22%、63.2%。凹脉金花茶可用于研制抗氧化冲剂,并对超氧阴离子等自由基有较好的清除能力。     

樱树内生菌代谢产物的抗氧化活性研究

从樱树皮中分离得到7株内生菌株,通过测定内生菌代谢产物对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、过氧化氢、超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力,对其抗氧化活性进行了研究。结果表明,除1株细菌的代谢产物无抗氧化活性外,其它6株霉菌的代谢产物均具有抗氧化活性,其中4~#霉菌代谢产物的抗氧化活性最高,其对DPPH自由基的清除率为92.60%、对羟基自由基的清除率为51.56%、对过氧化氢的清除率为34.07%、对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率为19.75%。     

马铃薯皮中多酚类物质的抗氧化性研究

通过体外抗氧化体系测定马铃薯皮多酚的抗氧化活性。除超氧阴离子的能力;马铃薯皮多酚清除羟基自由基的能力;马铃薯皮多酚清除DPPH自由基的能力;马铃薯皮多酚对油脂的抗氧化能力。马铃薯皮多酚对超氧阴离子的清除率最高达18.33%,且在低浓度清除能力明显高于同浓度抗坏血酸(Vc);马铃薯皮多酚对羟基自由基的清除率最高达92.26%。对DPPH自由基清除率最高达86.08%。油脂中添加马铃薯皮多酚提取液,可以明显降低油脂的过氧化值(POV)。马铃薯皮多酚对超氧阴离子,羟基自由基和DPPH自由基都有很好的清除效果,且在一定程度上降低油脂过氧化值随时间而延长的程度,是很好的天然抗氧化剂。     

不同产地红枣多糖抗氧化性比较

超声波辅助提取红枣多糖,并通过体外抗氧化体系研究来自不同产地的红枣多糖的抗氧化活性,结果表明,来自横山、绥德、米脂的红枣多糖对羟基自由基、超氧阴离子和DPPH·自由基的清除率都随着多糖浓度的升高而呈上升趋势,不同产地的红枣多糖的清除能力不同,其中来源于横山的红枣多糖对羟基自由基和DPPH自由基的最大清除率均为最好,分别达57.71%和85.09%,来自绥德的红枣多糖对超氧阴离子的最大清除率最好,达61.37%,来自米脂的红枣次之,来自绥德的红枣清除率较低。因此,红枣多糖对超氧阴离子,羟基自由基和DPPH自由基都有较好的清除效果,是具有开发前景的天然抗氧化剂。     

艾纳香残渣总黄酮抗氧化作用的研究

目的:研究艾纳香残渣中总黄酮的抗氧化作用。方法:从艾纳香残渣中提取总黄酮并考察其对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除活性。结果:艾纳香残渣总黄酮和VC对DPPH自由基的IC50分别是41.093、112.600μg/mL,艾纳香残渣总黄酮和VC对羟基自由基的IC50分别是0.144、0.412 mg/mL。结论:艾纳香残渣总黄酮具有良好的DPPH自由基和羟基自由基清除能力,抗氧化活性良好。     

薤白多糖的提取及体外抗氧化活性研究

用热水浸提法提取薤白中的生物多糖,采用响应面法对提取条件进行优化,并研究了薤白多糖的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,最佳提取条件为:提取温度72℃,提取时间1.5 h,液料比20∶1 m L/g,薤白多糖提取率(5.26±0.014)%。薤白多糖具有一定的体外抗氧化能力,但活性低于同浓度的Vc,其中薤白多糖对羟基自由基的清除能力相对较强,IC50值为1 591.7μg/m L;对超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力及对Fe3+的还原能力较弱。     

栀子多糖的提取、体外抗氧化活性及免疫作用研究

通过正交试验优化用水提法提取栀子粗多糖的最优工艺条件为:提取温度95℃,提取次数3次,料液比1∶20,提取时间2h。用水提醇沉法提取栀子多糖,以其对羟基自由基、DPPH自由基及超氧阴离子自由基清除能力研究其体外抗氧化活性,以其对RAW264.7巨噬细胞的增殖能力研究其免疫作用。实验结果表明,栀子多糖对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基及超氧阴离子自由基的清除率分别为21.65%、70.97%、19.26%,且可促进RAW264.7巨噬细胞的增殖。     

薤白多糖的提取及体外抗氧化活性研究

用热水浸提法提取薤白中的生物多糖,采用响应面法对提取条件进行优化,并研究了薤白多糖的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,最佳提取条件为:提取温度72℃,提取时间1.5 h,液料比20∶1 m L/g,薤白多糖提取率(5.26±0.014)%。薤白多糖具有一定的体外抗氧化能力,但活性低于同浓度的Vc,其中薤白多糖对羟基自由基的清除能力相对较强,IC50值为1 591.7μg/m L;对超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力及对Fe3+的还原能力较弱。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。