基于语义模式分解的英语介词语义分析和汉译

在研究英语介词相关短语和句式的基础上，给出了语义模式的概念，构建了介词相关短语语义模式库、相关句式语义模式库、主虚量库和固定搭配知识库。根据介词相关短语语义模式特点，提出了一种基于语义模式分解的介词语义分析和汉译算法，结合相关句式语义模式库和固定搭配知识库，对英语介词进行语义分析和汉译。实验表明，利用该文方法能有效解决英语介词汉译的问题。     

英汉机器翻译中英语单双重介词汉译

面向英汉机器翻译,提出改进的介词语义模式相关概念和单重介词扩展形式,构建英语单双重介词语义模式库,提出一种基于语义模式扩展的英语单双重介词语义分析和汉译算法。将该算法与单双重介词固定搭配语义模式库、介词相关句式语义模式库、一般双重介词语义模式库和特殊单双重介词语义模式库相结合,对英语单双重介词进行总体语义分析和汉译。实验表明,利用该方法能有效解决一般文体和体育体裁中的英语单双重介词汉译的问题。     

英语人体隐喻的识别与汉译

词语隐喻意义的机器识别和正确翻译是机译的难点。提出了语义语法模式的概念、提取方法以及一种基于语义语法模式集、固定搭配集和变量表示库的英语隐喻识别与汉译的合一算法。语义语法模式集包括语法隐喻模式集、词汇隐喻模式集、字面意义模式集、短语模式集、构句模式集等子集。以人体词为研究对象,构建了英语人体词的语义语法模式集、固定搭配集和变量表示库。实验表明,该方法能有效解决英语人体隐喻的识别与汉译问题。     

《现代汉语动词语义知识词典》的开发与应用

该文吸收已有动词研究的相关成果,提出了动词语义词典开发的相关原则和研制思路,界定并描写了词典中所涉及的相关属性信息,并对词典的总体文件结构及其各个库的信息进行了描写和说明。最终开发了融合词汇语义和句法语义,涵盖词形、词性、释义、义类、义场、句法范畴信息、语义范畴信息、语义句模等多种信息参数的开放性的动词语义知识词典。该词典可以在歧义分化、词义关系考察、句法—语义接口、句模抽取等方面提供支持。     

基于规则的“把”字句语义角色标注

“把”字句是现代汉语中一种重要的特殊句式,该文尝试用基于知识库的规则方法对把字句进行语义角色自动标注。首先,我们从《人民日报》语义角色标注语料库中收集把字句例句,形成一个覆盖范围较广的把字句例句库;之后,对例句库中把字句的句法和语义构成规律进行手工标注,标注内容包括谓语动词的配价类型、把字句谓语结构类型、把字句句模类型等。在上述标注的基础上,对把字句的句模构成规律进行分析,总结出若干条语义角色标注规则;最后,在测试数据上对前述规则进行验证,语义角色标注的最终正确率为98.61%,这一结果说明该文所提出的规则在把字句语义角色标注上是有效的。     

基于语句成分的英语语义分析算法及应用

英语语句的语义分析是英语考试主观题计算机自动评分、英语机器翻译、英语自动应答、英文文章摘要自动获取等课题的研究基础.基于语句成分的英语语义分析算法可以从英语语句中提取主语成份、谓语成分、宾语成分和其他成分,从而分析英语语义,该算法成功实现了英语汉译英主观题的自动评分.     

大学英语四级考试中汉译英常考句子结构

汉译英翻译虽然涉及的内容很多化,但是所考的句式固定,而且经常重复。本文介绍了汉译英试题所涉及的9种常见英语结构：名词性从句、定语从句、比较句、被动语态、否定结构、虚拟语气、倒装句、平行结构、强调句。     

基于动词属性的模板化自动代码生成

介绍了一种自动代码生成的方法.提出了以动词为中心,基于属性的语义处理方法理论.在此思想理论的指导下,建立了相应的知识库和语义处理规则库,并详细研究了受限自然语言语句中词语的语义处理过程.最后将受限自然语言理解应用自动代码生成中去,通过对已经规范化的受限汉语语句中的各个动词进行分类并赋予其属性概念,依据知识库和规则库,对受限语句进行语义分析,将之转换为中间语言,并结合可定制的模板方法,在程序生成引擎中自动生成代码.     

论维吾尔语SUBS＋NP结构的形式化描述

该文按照数理逻辑的方法从句法格式,论元及论元模式,动词和名词之间语义关系及逻辑表达式等四个方面对SUBS+NP结构进行初步的形式化描述为自然语言信息处理服务。结果表明维吾尔语SUBS+NP结构中动词与名词之间的多种语义关系决定动词可能选择的表达形式即“”型动名词形式和形动词形式,并且动词与名词之间的语义关系服从句法的编码,借助两种句法形式表现出不同的语义内容。     

BFS-CTC汉语句义结构标注语料库

句义结构分析是汉语语义分析中不可逾越的重要环节,为了满足汉语句义结构分析的需要,基于现代汉语语义学理论构建了一种层次化的汉语句义结构模型,定义了标注规范和标记形式,建设了一个汉语句义结构标注语料库BFS-CTC(Beijing Forest Studio-Chinese Tagged Corpus)。标注内容方面,基于句义结构模型的定义标注了句义结构句型层、描述层、对象层和细节层中所包含的各个要素及其组合关系,包括句义类型、谓词及其时态、语义格类型等信息,并且提供了词法和短语结构句法信息,便于词法、句法、句义的对照分析研究;语料库组织结构方面,该语料库包括四个部分,即原始句子库、词法标注库、句法标注库和句义结构标注库,可根据研究的需要,在词法、句法、句义结构标注的基础上进行深加工,在核心标注库的基础上添加更多具有针对性的扩展标注库,利用句子的唯一ID号进行识别和使用;语料来源和规模方面,语料全部来自新闻语料,经过人工收集、整理,合理覆盖了主谓句、非主谓句、把字句等六种主要句式类型,规模已达到10 000句。同其他语义标注库相比,BFS-CTC基于现代汉语语义学,提供了多层次的句义结构标注信息,兼容进行了词法和语法标注,各类标注既可以单独使用也可综合使用进行横向分析,可用于自然语言处理多方面的研究,进一步推动汉语语义分析的研究和发展。     

Verb semantics for English-Chinese translation

A common practice in operational Machine Translation (MT) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems is to assume that a verb has a fixed number of senses and rely on a precompiled lexicon to achieve large coverage. This paper demonstrates that this assumption is too weak to cope with the similar problems of lexical divergences between languages and unexpected uses of words that give rise to cases outside of the pre-compiled lexicon coverage. We first examine the lexical divergences between English verbs and Chinese verbs. We then focus on a specific lexical selection problem—translating Englishchange-of-state verbs into Chinese verb compounds. We show that an accurate translation depends not only on information about the participants, but also on contextual information. Therefore, selectional restrictions on verb arguments lack the necessary power for accurate lexical selection. Second, we examine verb representation theories and practices in MT systems and show that under the fixed sense assumption, the existing representation schemes are not adequate for handling these lexical divergences and extending existing verb senses to unexpected usages. We then propose a method of verb representation based on conceptual lattices which allows the similarities among different verbs in different languages to be quantitatively measured. A prototype system UNICON implements this theory and performs more accurate MT lexical selection for our chosen set of verbs. An additional lexical module for UNICON is also provided that handles sense extension.     

基于语义选择与信息特征的英语机器翻译系统

本文基于语义选择与信息特征设计了英语自动化机器翻译系统。通过语义信息特征制定了机器翻译流程,以GIZA++为载体进行翻译,利用伯克利对准器对齐词语,基于反向转换语法,详细阐述汉语语言模式与英语翻译语言模式的结构关联特性,以语句动静配置,实现自动化机器翻译。最后通过系统测试,结果表明,与传统机器翻译系统相比,准确率显著提高,这就表明基于语义选择与信息特征的英语自动化机器翻译系统的翻译准确率较高,可为英汉机器翻译奠定坚实的基础支持。     

Determining Prepositional Attachment, Prepositional Meaning, Verb Meaning, and Thematic Roles

An algorithm for semantic interpretation that integrates the determination of the meaning of verbs, the attachment and meaning of prepositions, and the determination of thematic roles is presented. The parser does not resolve structural ambiguity, which is solely the task of the semantic interpreter. Lexical semantic information about nouns and verbs is applied to the resolution of verb polysemy and modifier attachment. Semantic interpretation is centered on the representation of the meaning of the verb, called verbal concept. Verbal concepts are organized into a classification hierarchy. As long as the meaning of the verb remains unknown, parsing proceeds on a syntactic basis. Once the meaning of the verb is recognized, the semantic component makes sense of the syntactic relations built so far by the parser and of those still to be parsed. The algorithm has been implemented and tested on real–world texts.     

A Semantic Network of English: The Mother of All WordNets

We give a brief outline of the design and contents of the English lexical database WordNet, which serves as a model for similarly conceived wordnets in several European languages. WordNet is a semantic network, in which the meanings of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are represented in terms of their links to other (groups of) words via conceptual-semantic and lexical relations. Each part of speech is treated differently reflecting different semantic properties. We briefly discuss polysemy in WordNet, and focus on the case of meaning extensions in the verb lexicon. Finally, we outline the potential uses of WordNet not only for applications in natural language processing, but also for research in stylistic analyses in conjunction with a semantic concordance.     

Semantic Opposition and WordNet

We consider the problem of semantic opposition; in particular, theproblem of determining adjective-verb opposition for transitive changeof state verbs and adjectivally modified grammatical objects. Semanticopposition problems of this type are a sub-case of the classic FrameProblem; the well-known problem of knowing what is preserved orchanged in the world as a result of some action or event. Bydefinition, grammatical objects of change of state verbs undergomodification. In cases where the object is adjectivally modified, theproblem reduces to determining whether the property denoted by theadjective still holds true after the event denoted by the verb. Inthis paper, we evaluate the efficacy of WordNet, a network of conceptsorganized around linguistically relevant semantic relations includingantonymy, for this task. Test examples are drawn from the linguisticliterature. Results are analyzed in detail with a view towardsproviding feedback on the concept of a network as an appropriate modelof semantic relations for problems in semantic inference.     

施事的语义分布考察与动词的语义特征

在自然语言处理中,语义角色标注是一个比较重要的任务。语义角色标注任务以语义角色理论为基础。语义角色标注任务和语言学的相关理论都要求同一个动词在不同语句中相应的语义角色成分保持一致。该文统计了北京大学973课题语义角色标注语料库及中文PropBank中“施事”的语义分布,进而根据该语义分布,加上人工筛选,共找出了85个在“施事”语义角色的标注上无法保持一致的动词。该文指出,这些动词的 “施事”语义无法保持一致的原因在于它们是一类有致使语义特征、无自主语义特征的动词。该文的研究对于处理其他语义角色(如“客体”)也存在的标注不一致问题有一定的启示。