生防细菌J352对不同种类线虫的毒力差异

从黄瓜根际分离获得一株对多种病原真菌有较强抑制作用的细菌，用该细菌不同浓度的发酵液测定了对4种线虫的作用。结果表明，该发酵液呈微碱性，不同浓度发酵液对各种线虫均有较好的防治作用，并且毒力作用具有明显差异，对4种线虫的毒力大小顺序分别为小杆线虫、大豆胞囊线虫、根结线虫和腐烂茎线虫。     

宁夏大豆根际细菌对大豆胞囊线虫的毒性

[方法]大豆胞囊线虫病是制约大豆生产的重要病害之一。研究从宁夏大豆田中分离获得6株对大豆根腐病具有生物活性的生防细菌,利用菌悬液初筛、不同浓度发酵液复筛的方法,测定生防细菌对大豆胞囊线虫J2活性及卵孵化的影响。[结果]从对J2的毒杀效果来看,荧光假单孢菌NXXJ1225作用较为显著,发酵原液处理72 h的校正死亡率达到73.23%,枯草芽孢杆菌NXXJ0624对线虫毒杀效果相对次之,但明显比较耐稀释;菌株NXXJ0624发酵液原液对胞囊孵化抑制效果最好,高达67.78%。[结论]在土壤环境中,具有更大抑制线虫病害作用潜力的菌株是枯草芽孢杆菌NXXJ0624。     

吡虫啉对5种植物寄生线虫的室内毒力测定

采用浸渍法,测定了不同质量浓度和时间下吡虫啉药剂对花生根结线虫2龄幼虫、程氏滑刃线虫、贝西滑刃线虫、松材线虫、腐烂茎线虫的毒力,并考察了其对花生根结线虫卵孵化抑制率。结果表明,花生根结线虫对吡虫啉药剂最为敏感,腐烂茎线虫最不敏感。在100 g/L质量浓度下,处理后48 h,吡虫啉药剂对花生根结线虫、程氏滑刃线虫、贝西滑刃线虫、松材线虫、腐烂茎线虫的致死率分别为91.00%、65.70%、45.70%、44.00%、9.67%。对花生根结线虫的卵孵化抑制率随着药剂浓度的升高而升高。     

南方根结线虫生防镰刀菌菌株筛选

采用镰刀菌处理南方根结线虫2龄幼虫(J2)和卵以评价生防菌对南方根结线虫的杀线活性.从东北和华北等地区采集土样分离获得452株镰刀菌,采用南方根结线虫生防因子筛选体系进行活性菌株的筛选,获得14株对该线虫有高杀线活性的镰刀菌.菌株snef242和snef332的菌悬液对南方根结线虫J2有较强的杀死作用,校正死亡率达91.99%、91.35%;菌株Snef332、snef242和snef143的发酵液对卵囊孵化相对抑制率分别达86.61%、86.19%、85.36%;菌株snef109、snef332、Snef408和snef143的发酵液对南方根结线虫J2活性均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中菌株Snef109对线虫的抑制率最高,可达94.7%.经继代培养结果表明:菌株Snef332杀线能力遗传稳定性较很高,在南方根结线虫生防领域具有较大潜力,适宜作为南方根结线虫的生防因子加以开发利用.     

青霉菌snf 44-1代谢产物对不同植物线虫的影响

室内测定了一株青霉菌snf 44-1的发酵代谢产物对番茄根结线虫（Meloidogyne hapla）、大豆胞囊线虫（Hreterodera glycines）、甘薯茎线虫（Ditylenchus destructor）的影响作用.发酵液对不同种类的线虫抑制作用有所差别,不同稀释倍数的发酵液对同种线虫的处理和无菌水处理有梯级差异.     

鬼伞属真菌的杀线虫活性

研究了10种鬼伞属真菌对全齿复活线虫的毒杀活性,并用HPLC法分析了杀线虫毒素在各真菌中的分布。结果表明,有7种鬼伞属真菌表现出明显的杀线虫活性,且杀线虫活性与其杀线虫毒素的分布呈正相关。     

新型杀线剂对甘薯腐烂茎线虫的防治效果

[目的]筛选出且并对甘薯腐烂茎线虫高效低毒、低残留的药剂。[方法]采用浸渍法测定了9种药剂在3个不同质量浓度下对甘薯腐烂茎线虫的生物活性，在此基础上选择5种触杀活性较好的药剂进行盆栽防治试验。[结果]生物活性测定结果表明：45%三氟吡啶胺SC、5%阿维菌素EC、5%噻唑膦WG、42%威百亩SC和4.5%寡糖·噻唑膦GR对甘薯腐烂茎线虫的触杀效果较好，72 h校正防效均超过了50%；盆栽试验结果表明：45%三氟吡啶胺SC 150 mg/L处理45 d虫口减退率最高，达68.23%，其次是5%噻唑磷WG 1500 mg/L处理45 d，虫口减退率为60.03%,42%威百亩SC6250 mg/L处理虫口减退率最低，仅为16.36%。[结论]45%三氟吡啶胺SC和5%噻唑磷WG对甘薯腐烂茎线虫的触杀活性和盆栽防治效果较好，具备良好的田间应用前景。     

牛蒡根结线虫生防菌筛选、鉴定及杀线虫条件优化

[目的]分离、筛选杀根结线虫生防菌并进行杀线虫条件优化。[方法]通过抑制根结线虫卵孵化试验、毒杀根结线虫2龄幼虫试验、根结线虫趋避试验、盆栽试验和田间试验筛选出杀线能力最强的菌株Ba-2。[结果]初步鉴定菌株Ba-2为坚强芽孢杆菌(Bacillus firmus),最优杀线虫条件为初始pH值7.06、发酵温度29.83℃、盐质量浓度11.24 g/L。[结论]从药用植物牛蒡根际土壤中筛选出杀牛蒡根结线虫能力较强的生防菌,旨在为下一步研制牛蒡专用生物有机肥提供生防菌菌剂。     

氯化苦与阿维菌素混用对南方根结线虫的室内活性评价

[目的]评价氯化苦与阿维菌素混用对南方根结线虫的室内防治效果。[方法]采用广口瓶熏蒸法和凹玻片密闭熏蒸法测定氯化苦与阿维菌素联合对南方根结线虫的毒力。[结果]广口瓶熏蒸试验和凹玻片密闭熏蒸试验表明,氯化苦和阿维菌素的4种不同用量混用均对南方根结线虫表现出增效作用,对南方根结线虫的校正死亡率均分别达到85%和93%以上。[结论]氯化苦与阿维菌素混用对南方根结线虫有良好的控制作用。     

侧柏内生真菌的分离鉴定及抗菌活性筛选

采用组织分离法从侧柏的根、茎、叶中分离获得内生真菌110株,经形态观察将其中103株鉴定分类为4个目、6个科、15个属,未产孢7株;内生真菌以链格孢属为优势属,茎叶中内生真菌的株数、种类多于根中.通过与苹果腐烂病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌等4种植物病原真菌平板对峙培养,从分离的内生真菌中筛选出21株(占总分离株数的19.1%)有拮抗活性的菌株,其至少对1种植物病原真菌有生长抑制作用,活性菌株主要分布在链格孢属,其抗菌活性成分值得进一步研究.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。