Victrex® poly(ethersulfone) (PES) and Victrex® poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK)

Properties of two high performance engineering thermoplastics, amorphous polyethersulfone (PES) and semicrystalline polyetheretherketone (PEEK), are discussed. Both resins can be processed by conventional techniques, compounded with high performance fibers, and have high service temperature (up to 300°C). Due to the amorphous character PES can be dissolved and spray coated into metals.     

Photopyroelectric Spectroscopic Studies of ZnO-MnO(2)-Co(3)O(4)-V(2)O(5) Ceramics

Photopyroelectric (PPE) spectroscopy is a nondestructive tool that is used to study the optical properties of the ceramics (ZnO + 0.4MnO(2) + 0.4Co(3)O(4) + xV(2)O(5)), x = 0-1 mol%. Wavelength of incident light, modulated at 10 Hz, was in the range of 300-800 nm. PPE spectrum with reference to the doping level and sintering temperature is discussed. Optical energy band-gap (E(g)) was 2.11 eV for 0.3 mol% V(2)O(5) at a sintering temperature of 1025 °C as determined from the plot (ρhυ)(2)versushυ. With a further increase in V(2)O(5), the value of E(g) was found to be 2.59 eV. Steepness factor 'σ(A)' and 'σ(B)', which characterize the slope of exponential optical absorption, is discussed with reference to the variation of E(g). XRD, SEM and EDAX are also used for characterization of the ceramic. For this ceramic, the maximum relative density and grain size was observed to be 91.8% and 9.5 μm, respectively.     

(Ba_(1-α)Sr_α)_(4.8)(Sm_(0.7)La_(0.3))_(8.8)Ti_(18)O_(54)陶瓷的微波介电性能

采用固相合成法制备了(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54(α=0.1～0.5)系陶瓷,表征了该陶瓷的相组成和显微结构,测试了微波介电性能.结果表明:α=0.3时,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷为单相的新钨青铜结构固溶体.α>0.3时,相继出现了第二相BaLa2Ti4O12和La0.66TiO2.993.随α的增加,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷的相对介电常数(εr)先增大后有所波动,品质因数(Qf)先增大后减小,谐振频率温度系数(τf)单调减小.α=0.3时,在1 350℃烧结的陶瓷的微波介电性能最佳:εr=98.77,Qf=5184GHz,τf=10.9×10-6/℃,优于不掺杂的BaO-Sm2O3-TiO2陶瓷的.     

Calcium silicate hydrate (II) (“C-S-H(II)”)

This semicrystalline phase, originally named ‘calcium silicate hydrate(II)’ by Taylor (1950), has been studied with X-rays, electron optics, chemical investigation of silicate anion type, infrared spectra, and thermal methods. It is structurally related to jennite (C₉S₆H₁₁) and probably also to the fibrous CSH of cement pastes, the three phases forming a sequence of decreasing crystallinity. The specimen studied had approximate composition C₂SH_3.2 after standing over saturated CaCλ₂ at about 15°C. CSH(II) contains metasilicate chains and pyrosilicate groups and has a disordered layer structure. Much of the water can be lost reversibly without significant change in lattice parameters.     

Poly(butadiene-acrylic acid(g)acrylonitrile(g)acrylic acid)

Summary In the present work we describe, the synthesis and characterization of a new gel obtained by crosslinking a cooligomer of butadiene-acrylic acid (BuAA), by reaction with acrylonitrile and acrylic acid. The purified product was characterized by FTIR, elemental analyses and scanning electronic microscopy. The thermal properties were studied and swelling indexes were determined in different solvents and at different pH values. The capacity of poly(butadiene-acrylic acid(g)acrylonitrile(g)acrylic acid) [gel A] to separate different organic substances, such as amino acids and colorants, was determined.     

Thermal studies of blends of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) with poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) (PPSS) and with poly(phenylene sulfide ether) (PPSE)

The miscibilities of poly(phenylene) sulfide/poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) (PPS/PPSS) and poly(phenylene) sulfide/poly(phenylene sulfide ether) (PPS/PPSE) blends were invesigated in terms of shifts of glass transition temperatures T_g of pure PPS, PPSS, a dn PPSE. The crystallization kinetics of PPS/PPSS blends was also studied as a function of molar composition. The PPS/PPSS and PPS/PPSE blends are respectively partially and fully miscible. PPSE shows a plasticizing effect on PPS as does PPS on PPSS, which necessarily improves te processibility in the respective systems. We can control T_g and melting temperature T_m of PPS by varying amounts of PPSE in blends. The melt crystallization temperature T_mc of PPS/PPSE blends was higher than that of the PPSE homopolymer. Therefore, these blends require shorter cycle times in processing than pure PPSE. The overall rate of crystallization for PPS/PPSS blends follows the Avrami equation with an exponent ?2. The maximal rate of crystallization for PPS/PPSS blends occurs at a temperatre higher by 10°C than that for PPS, while the crystallization half time t_1/2 is 4 times shorter. In the cold crystallization range, crystal growth rates increase and Avrami exponents decrease significantly as the temperature increases.     

Chemical cross-linking of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)

Hybrid films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) were prepared with different molecular weights of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The cross-linking reaction between PEO and PEDOT:PSS was performed at high temperature and confirmed by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), contact angle measurement, and solid-state ¹H NMR. The effect of chemical reaction on the conductivity and morphology of these hybrid films was studied by using 4-point probe and atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively. As-spun PEO/PEDOT:PSS films have lower electric conductivity due to the addition of nonconductive PEO, and exhibits no molecular weight dependence on conductivity. After chemical cross-linking reaction at high temperature, only PEDOT:PSS films with lowest molecular weight PEO additives show enhanced conductivity with increasing reaction time. AFM result indicates that the heat-treated PEO/PEDOT:PSS hybrid films show grain-like morphology compared to ethylene glycol treated PEDOT:PSS films which shows continuous PEDOT domain. In the present work we demonstrate that the cross-linking reaction can be used to improve the wet stability of PEDOT:PSS nanofiber, showing good water resistance and excellent dimensional stability.     

Photooxidative stability of substituted poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and poly(phenylene acetylene) (PPA)

The addition of side groups to improve the photooxidative stability of polymers used in polymer-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is explored. Infrared spectroscopy and computational chemistry techniques are used to study the effects of chemical substitution of the reactive vinylene moiety in poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV). The bond order of the vinylene group in small oligomers is calculated using semiempirical techniques to assess the improvement in stability toward oxidants such as singlet oxygen. We find that PPV dimers allow relative comparisons across a range of possible substitutions. Experimental results correlate well with these calculations. The addition of electron-withdrawing substituents, such as nitrile groups, to the vinylene moiety is found to be particularly effective in reducing the reactivity of alkoxy-substituted PPV toward singlet oxygen. The photooxidative stability of a poly(phenylene acetylene) (PPA) derivative is also studied. It appears that this family of polymers is more stable toward photooxidation than are its PPV analogs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2451–2458, 1998     

Rheological behavior of blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(acrylonitrile-stat-styrene)-graft-polybutadiene (ABS)

The rheological behavior of blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(acrylonitrile-stat-styrene)-graft-polybutadiene (ABS) was investigated using a cone-and-plate rheometer. The rheological properties measured were shear stress (σ₁₂), viscosity (η), and first normal stress difference (N₁) as functions of shear rate (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma$ \end{document}) in steady shearing flow, and storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) as functions of frequency (ω) in oscillatory shearing flow. It has been found that the rheological behavior of blends of ABS and PMMA was very similar to that of blends of poly(styrene-stat-acrylonitrile) (SAN) and PMMA, in that N₁ in logarithmic plots of N₁ versus σ₁₂, and G′ in logarithmic plots of G′ versus G″, vary regularly with blend composition. This has led us to conclude that the rubber particles that are grafted on an SAN resinous matrix in ABS resin plays only a minor role in influencing the compatibility of ABS/PMMA blends, and that the SAN chains attached to the surface of rubber particles, and the SAN matrix phase, play a major role in compatibilizing ABS resin with PMMA.     

Finite strain behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene terephthalate)-glycol (PETG)

Uniaxial and plane strain compression experiments are conducted on amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene terephthalate)-glycol (PETG) over a wide range of temperatures (25-110 °C) and strain rates (.005-1.0 s⁻¹). The stress-strain behavior of each material is presented and the results for the two materials are found to be remarkably similar over the investigated range of rates, temperatures, and strain levels. Below the glass transition temperature (θ_g=80 °C), the materials exhibit a distinct yield stress, followed by strain softening then moderate strain hardening at moderate strain levels and dramatic strain hardening at large strains. Above the glass transition temperature, the stress-strain curves exhibit the classic trends of a rubbery material during loading, albeit with a strong temperature and time dependence. Instead of a distinct yield stress, the curve transitions gradually, or rolls over, to flow. As in the sub-θ_g range, this is followed by moderate strain hardening and stiffening, and subsequent dramatic hardening. The exhibition of dramatic hardening in PETG, a copolymer of PET which does not undergo strain-induced crystallization, indicates that crystallization may not be the source of the dramatic hardening and stiffening in PET and, instead molecular orientation is the primary hardening and stiffening mechanism in both PET and PETG. Indeed, it is only in cases of deformation which result in highly uniaxial network orientation that the stress-strain behavior of PET differs significantly from that of PETG, suggesting the influence of a meso-ordered structure or crystallization in these instances. During unloading, PETG exhibits extensive elastic recovery, whereas PET exhibits relatively little recovery, suggesting that crystallization occurs (or continues to develop) after active loading ceases and unloading has commenced, locking in much of the deformation in PET.     

Biological Properties of IRIM, the Iridium(III) Analogue of (Imidazolium (Bisimidazole) Tetrachlororuthenate) (ICR)

Some biological aspects of the new complex imidazolium bisimidazole tetrachloro iridate(III)-IRIM- the iridium(III) analogue of ICR, were considered. More in detail the conformational effects produced by IRIM on DNA and the cytotoxic properties of IRIM on some selected human cell lines were measured. Dialysis experiments and DNA thermal denaturation studies are suggestive of poor binding of IRIM to DNA; formation of interstrand crosslinks is not observed. In any case CD measurements suggest that addition of increasing amounts of IRIM to calf thymus DNA results into significant spectral changes, that are diagnostic of a direct interaction with DNA. A number of experiments carried out on the A2780 human ovarian carcinoma, B16 murine melanoma, MCF7 and TS mammary adenocarcinoma tumor cell lines strongly point out that IRIM does not exhibit significant growth inhibition effects within the concentration range 10(-4)-10(-6) M. It is suggested that the lower biological effects of IRIM compared to ICR are a consequence of the larger kinetic inertness of the iridium(III) center with respect to ruthenium(III).     

M~(Hc)与B~(Hc)

文献中常看到矫顽力的几种不同表示方法:Hc、M~(Hc)(或I~(Hc))及B~(Hc),它们之间有什么联系和区别,本文试通过理论分析和数学推导回答这一问题。并愿给读者带来这样一个信息:把一定温度下的矫顽力当作常数看待——这是我们传统的观念——在某些领域将会导致错误。     

（R）-醇腈酶催化法合成（R）-（-）-1-（2-萘基）-2-N-甲基氨基乙醇

以2-萘甲醛为原料,经酶致转氰化、氰基还原、甲酰化、酰胺还原合成了光学活性(R)-(-)-1-(2-萘基)-2-N-甲基氨基乙醇5.转氰化过程采用来源于苦杏仁、枇杷仁、桃仁、黑布林果仁和苹果籽仁的醇腈酶催化HCN对底物醛的加成获得(R)-氰醇,通过比较反应产率和产物对映体过量值(ee)发现苦杏仁醇腈酶的催化效果最好,相应值分别为68.8%和88.3%;(R)-氰醇的O-保护衍生物2经化学法转化为标题化合物5,总产率达47%,ee值达88.0%, 其结构经IR和1H-NMR确证.实验结果表明,醇腈酶催化合成的手性氰醇光学纯度较高,是合成手性氨基醇化合物的优秀原料,并且在随后的化学转化过程中各步反应产物均很好地保留了光学纯度.     

以( )-脱氢枞胺为原料合成( )-弥罗松酚

报道了以(+)-脱氢枞胺为起始原料,通过两条路线合成生物活性的二萜化合物(+)-弥罗松酚。路线(1):(+)-脱氢枞胺在羟氨-O-磺酸和氢氧化钠作用下还原脱氨生成脱氢松香烷,再经Friedele-Crafts乙酰化、BaeyerVilliger氧化、水解生成(+)-弥罗松酚,总产率29.5%。路线(2):(+)-脱氢枞胺还原脱氨,然后与过氧化邻苯二甲酰反应得到(+)-弥罗松酚,总产率31.9%。     

纳米粉体(CeO_2)_(0.9-x)(GdO_(1.5))_x(Sm_2O_3)_(0.1)的溶胶-凝胶低温燃烧合成

采用溶胶 -凝胶法与低温燃烧法相结合 ,合成了 (CeO2 ) 0 .9-x(GdO1 .5 ) x(Sm2 O3) 0 .1 系列粉体 .结果表明 :由硝酸盐与柠檬酸混合形成的凝胶 ,可在较低温度 (2 0 0～ 3 0 0℃ )点火并燃烧 ,其火焰温度达 90 0℃以上 .经TEM ,XRD测试 ,燃烧后即直接形成了粒径为 2 0～ 3 0nm ,具有萤石结构的单相粉体 ,由该粉体制备的固体电解质在中温下电导率为 5 .8× 10 - 2 S/cm ,组装的单个H2 -O2 燃料电池最大功率密度达 70mW /cm     

(S)-2-(Ethyl propionate)-(O-ethyl xanthate) and (S)-2-(Ethyl isobutyrate)-(O-ethyl xanthate)-mediated RAFT polymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone

(S)-2-(Ethyl propionate)-(O-ethyl xanthate) (X1) and the newly synthesized (S)-2-(ethyl isobutyrate)-(O-ethyl xanthate) (X2) were used as the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents for the radical polymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP). The former showed the better chain transfer ability in the polymerization at 60 °C. Kinetics study with X1 shows the psuedo-first order kinetics upto 45% monomer conversion. Molecular weight (M _n) of the resulted polymer increases linearly with increase in the monomer conversion upto around 45%. Polydispersity of the corresponding poly(NVP)s increase gradually from 1.2 to 1.9 with increase in the monomer conversion. Chain-end analysis of the resulted polymer by ¹H NMR shows clearly that polymerization started with radical forming out of xanthate mediator. Living nature of the polymerization was confirmed from the successful homo chain extension experiment and also the hetero-chain extension experiment involving synthesis of poly(NVP)-b-polystyrene amphiphilic diblock copolymer.     

Photo-Initiated Lamination of Polyethylene (PE) and Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)

Besides plasma-based processes, photo-initiated surface modifications have an interesting potential for adhesion promotion. This is of special interest with applications ranging from classical finishing to composites. Photo-chemical processes using continuous UV sources — monochromatic as well as broad band — are based on radical activation and ensuing reaction with the atmosphere. Achievable effects are addition of atoms — e.g., introduction of oxygen (photo-oxidation) resulting in increased surface energy — or grafting of functional groups. Both have certain potentials for adhesion promotion in a physico-chemical way. Based on the fundamental scheme of these processes — i.e., a photon-initiated radical reaction at the substrate-atmosphere interface — a direct 'inter-linking' of coating polymer and substrate is presented in this paper. The principal idea is to apply a thin layer of coating polymer on the substrate and irradiate this composite system at certain UV wavelengths. Given a low absorption of the radiation by the thin coating and — at the same time — a high absorption by the substrate, the radiation will penetrate the coating layer and generate radicals at the interface, which will induce cross-linking between the coating polymer and substrate. It is shown that for the example of laminates of polyethylene (PE) film on fabrics made of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), extremely high adhesion strenghths are achieved without any use of additional adhesion promoters.     

Chemical ecology ofReticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) andR. virginicus (Banks) (Rhinotermitidae)

Reticulitermes flavipes andR. virginicus have been examined for the presence and possible defense functions of soldiers specific secretions. The cephalic extracts for soldiers of both species contained the identical two major sesquiterpenes which were absent from other castes. The sesquiterpenes have been identified as ₁-cadinene (I) and the corresponding aldehyde (II) by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry using homonuclear proton decoupling and by high-resolution mass spectrometry. When groups of termite soldiers were exposed to foraging parties of the sympatric native fire ant,Solenopsis geminata, the termites utilized only mechanical defenses. No evidence was obtained to indicate that the ants had been sprayed or coated with either an irritant or toxicant, and there was no evidence that an alarm had been promulgated.