雷公藤内酯醇生物贴的体外透皮吸收研究

目的研究雷公藤内酯醇生物贴的体外经皮吸收特点。方法利用改良Franz扩散池研究雷公藤内酯醇生物贴的经皮吸收特点,以HPLC法测定雷公藤内酯醇的经皮吸收量。结果雷公藤内酯醇生物贴中的雷公藤内酯醇在24h内以一级动力学经皮渗透,累积渗透量为2.0573μg/cm2。结论雷公藤内酯醇生物贴中雷公藤内酯醇的体外透皮吸收效果优于文献报道的巴布剂。     

盐酸利多卡因脂质体凝胶剂的体外透皮扩散研究

目的 对盐酸利多卡因(lidocaine hydrochloricde,LDH)脂质体凝胶剂体外透皮量、皮肤层滞留量进行评价.方法 超声法制备LDH脂质体,再用卡波普为基质制成凝胶剂;以体外经皮渗透释药法,比较LDH脂质体凝胶剂及LDH凝胶剂中的经皮渗透规律.结果 平均包封率为(83.4±1.81)%;LDH 凝胶剂的渗透符合Higuchi方程,其中脂质体凝胶剂24h内药物渗透速率为770.32μ g·h-1,明显高于游离药物凝胶渗透率280.01μg·h-1.结论 载药脂质体凝胶剂可显著促进药物经皮吸收,为经皮吸收药物的理想载体.     

葛根芩连巴布剂的制备与体外透皮研究

［摘要］目的研制葛根芩连巴布剂并探讨其体外经皮吸收特点。方法以水溶性高分子材料为辅料制备葛根芩连巴布剂,用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定葛根素的经皮渗透量,利用改良Franz扩散池研究巴布剂的经皮吸收特点。并且考察氮酮对葛根素的促渗效果。结果制备的葛根芩连巴布剂具有良好的延展性,外观平整光滑,且能满足黏弹性要求;葛根素可缓慢透过小鼠皮肤;透皮吸收符合零级动力学过程;氮酮使葛根素的体外透皮速率及透过量显著增加。结论葛根芩连巴布剂为一种新型控释型经皮给药制剂。     

青藤碱凝胶剂的制备及体外渗透性能研究

目的：制备青藤碱凝胶剂，研究其透皮渗透性能。方法：以卡波姆980为辅料制备青藤碱凝胶剂．采用改良Franz扩散池，以离体大鼠皮肤为透皮屏障，用HPLC法测定青藤碱的累积渗透量。结果：实验结果表明，青藤碱凝胶剂体外透皮释药方程为Q=65.852 t=55．677（r=0．9919），10h累积渗透量为638μg／cm^2。结论：青藤碱凝胶剂为一种新颖的控释型外用制剂。凝胶剂中的青藤碱以一级动力学经皮渗透。     

金花止咳巴布剂的离体小鼠经皮渗透动力学研究

目的:研究金花止咳巴布剂的离体小鼠的透皮性能及其体外经皮渗透动力学行为。方法:采用改良的Franz扩散池,以离体小鼠皮肤为屏障,采用HPLC法分别测定金花止咳巴布剂处方君药金银花中有效成分绿原酸、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸C透过离体皮肤的含量,计算体外经皮渗透动力学拟合方程。结果:金花止咳巴布剂中绿原酸、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸C在24 h后的体外经皮渗透速率分别为33.44%,31.32%,27.33%,体外经皮渗透动力学拟合度最高的方程分别为:(1)绿原酸:Higuchi方程,Q=2.546 6t^1/2+3.625 1,拟合度=0.971;(2)异绿原酸A:Higuchi方程,Q=1.455 5t^1/2+1.787 2,拟合度=0.973;(3)异绿原酸C:Higuchi方程,Q=0.307 4t^1/2+0.363 1,拟合度=0.948。结论:金花止咳巴布剂的离体小鼠体外经皮渗透行为以符合Higuchi方程拟合为优,拟合度最高,表明金花止咳巴布剂中有效成分逐步释放,释放速度平缓,释放曲线不会发生时滞现象,具有骨架型缓释制剂的特性。     

促进剂对酮洛芬巴布剂体外透皮性的影响探讨

目的:通过几种常用促进剂对酮洛芬巴布剂体外促渗作用研究,筛选出适合用于酮洛芬巴布剂的透皮促进剂。方法:分别制备单独含2%或4%的桉叶油、油酸、薄荷脑、聚乙二醇400、月桂氮芯卓酮、聚山梨醇酯-80的酮洛芬巴布剂贴片,以及4%的桉叶油分别与2%的油酸、薄荷脑、聚乙二醇400合用的酮洛芬巴布剂贴片,采用改良Franz透皮扩散池,以离体小鼠背部皮肤为透皮屏障,贴敷12h,以渗透速率及12h累积渗透量为指标,探讨促进剂对酮洛芬体外透皮性的影响。结果:与空白组对照,2%聚山梨醇酯-80、2%月桂氮卓芯酮单独使用不能明显提高酮洛芬的渗透速率(P>0.05),4%聚山梨醇酯-80、4%月桂氮卓芯酮和其他的促进剂都能明显的提高酮洛芬的经皮渗透(P<0.01),对酮洛芬透皮速率提高大小顺序为油酸≥桉叶油>薄荷脑>聚乙二醇400>月桂氮卓芯酮>聚山梨醇酯-80。结论:油酸、桉叶油、薄荷脑、聚乙二醇400均可作为酮洛芬巴布剂透皮促进剂。     

盐酸西替利嗪巴布剂的研制及体外释放特性

目的:制备盐酸西替利嗪(CET)巴布剂并研究其体外释药性能和透皮吸收行为.方法:以水溶性高分子材料为基质制备CET巴布剂,采用HPLC法测定制剂中CET的含量.按2000年版中华人民共和国药典方法进行体外释放度的测定,利用Franz扩散池研究巴布剂的透皮吸收行为.结果:CET巴布剂含量稳定,体外释药符合Higuchi方程,释放速率为0.557 7mg·cm-2·h-1/2.透皮吸收符合零级动力学过程,渗透速率为14.58μg·cm-2·h-1.结论:CET巴布剂为皮肤控释型透皮给药系统,为临床治疗过敏性疾病提供了新的给药途径.     

跌打止痛巴布剂体外透皮吸收实验

目的：研究跌打止痛巴布剂体外经皮渗透吸收特征。方法：以Franz扩散池和离体裸鼠皮肤进行体外渗透试验，采用高效液相色谱法法同时测定蛇床子素和水杨酸甲酯的累积透皮量。结果：两种成分的体外经皮渗透均符合零级动力学方程，蛇床子素和水杨酸甲酯在15h内的透过率分别为13．50％和49．62％。二者在皮肤的蓄积量分别为17．56％和23．23％。结论：跌打止痛巴布剂中的有效成分在皮肤内有较强的蓄积作用，在15h内药物持续恒速释放，为控释长效和局部作用的制剂。     

酮洛芬醇质体体外经皮渗透研究

目的:考察酮洛芬醇质体的体外经皮渗透特性。方法:乙醇注入法制备酮洛芬醇质体,采用Franz扩散池,以离体小鼠皮为皮肤屏障,对酮洛芬醇质体的体外经皮渗透量、稳态透皮速率进行研究,并测定24 h时皮肤中的滞留量。结果:酮洛芬醇质体体外24 h累积渗透量Q为(720.88±2.04)μg.cm-2,稳态透皮速率J为(28.15±0.20)μg.cm-2.h-1,24 h皮肤中的滞留量(50.86±1.44)μg.cm-2,与同剂量酮洛芬脂质体及其30%醇溶液相比,均有明显提高(P<0.05)。结论:醇质体可显著增加酮洛芬的体外经皮渗透,值得进一步研发。     

5-氟尿嘧啶脂质体凝胶剂的制备和评价

目的 研制5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)脂质体凝胶剂,并进行质量评价.方法 采用逆相蒸发-冻融法制备5-Fu脂质体,再用卡波普为基质制成凝胶剂;以离心法测定脂质体的包封率;以体外经皮渗透释药法,比较5-Fu脂质体凝胶剂及5-Fu普通凝胶剂中的经皮渗透作用.结果 5-Fu脂质体平均粒径为2.16±0.30μm,平均包封率为(56.17±2.52)%;体外透皮实验中,脂质体凝胶剂24h的药物浓度为158.6 mg·mL-1,明显高于普通凝胶剂91.2mg·mL-1.结论 载药脂质体凝胶剂可显著减少药物经皮吸收,可维持较长释药时间.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.