有机肥和生态肥对土壤中镉行为以及水稻生长的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了有机肥和生态肥对镉污染土壤上水稻生长和土壤中镉形态变化的影响,以及对改善糙米品质安全性的作用。结果表明,有机肥和生态肥因性质差异,其效果不尽相同。和有机肥相比,生态肥不仅在促进水稻生长、提高水稻产量方面的作用更加显著,而且在降低土壤中有效态镉以及糙米、茎叶和水稻根中镉含量的作用效果更好。施用生态肥和有机肥使水稻体内镉含量和土壤中有效态镉含量的降低,主要是由于施用不同肥料导致的土壤中镉形态的变化。     

三峡库区耕地土壤肥力特征及对策研究

三峡库区土壤肥力差异明显。主要土壤类型紫色土、水稻土、和黄壤,肥力水平差异较大,全量、有效态含量在不同土壤类型不一致。沿江从上而下,全N、全P、有效P含量较稳定,全K、有效K、碱解N含量变化较大。不同土壤类型肥力比较结果表明全N、全P含量为黄壤>水稻土>紫色土;全K、碱解N、有效P、有效K含量为紫色土>黄壤>水稻土。不同区县土壤肥力相关性分析表明全N、全P具有显著相关性,碱解N、有效P、有效K相互之间无相关性。主要土壤类型相关性分析表明水稻土、黄壤中全N同碱解N具有显著相关性。在不同区县和不同土壤类型土壤肥力指标有较大差异,因此在施肥水平上应区别对待。     

辽宁省水稻土供硅能力及硅肥肥效的研究

辽宁不同类型水稻土供硅能力及硅肥肥效试验结果表明 ,采用pH4醋酸缓冲液法测定的土壤有效硅含量能够反映非碱性水稻土的硅素肥力水平 ,但不能够反映碱性水稻土的硅素肥力水平 ,碱性水稻土测定结果高 ,但硅素肥力水平低。施用硅肥能够增加植株体内硅的含量 ,改善水稻的生长状况 ,提高水稻的产量 ,增产幅度最高可达 3 0 .1%。     

基于时差特征与随机森林的水稻种植面积提取

准确提取水稻种植面积是探讨气候变化背景下水稻生产与粮食安全的重要前提。我国南方的水稻种植区域,地块破碎且受云雨天气影响严重,如何充分利用有限时相的数据获得较高精度的水稻面积提取是亟需解决的关键问题。提出了一种利用两个时相的数据,通过构建差值特征突出水稻物候变化的特点,并与随机森林算法结合高精度提取水稻种植面积的方法。将之应用于湖南省常德市鼎城区的水稻种植面积提取,结果表明:采用本方法进行水稻提取的最终总体精度达到93.01%,Kappa系数0.91,与单时相提取结果相比,总体精度提高了近3%。为了进一步分析差值特征对其他分类器的改进效果,分别将差值特征与决策树和随机森林组合,并分析了两种组合提取水稻的精度。研究发现构建的差值特征能够有效反映植物的生长状况,增加地物的可区分性,可为对象的分割及分类提供更多有用的信息,能够有效改善水稻种植面积的提取精度。
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基于双极化ASAR数据的水稻信息提取

通过分析长乐市试验区2005年ENVISAT ASAR数据图像,研究水稻信息提取的方法。提出在分析两个时相、双极化ASAR水稻后向散射变化规律的基础上,构建基于两个时相、双极化的新波段图像的新方法,该方法不仅增强了水稻信息,还减少了水稻和其他背景地物的混淆度,只要采用简单的图像监督分类方法就可以很好地提取出水稻信息,其精度达到94.92%。研究表明,该方法能够有效的识别并提取出水稻信息。     

小议水稻生产中病虫害防治技术

病虫害对水稻生产的破坏作用巨大。会造成水稻的减产,减少经济收入。同时水稻中残留的部分病虫菌,还会对人体造成伤害。因此在水稻生产过程中必须对病虫害加大重视程度,未雨绸缪,先期预防及时治理。本文从病虫害的了解入手,介绍常见的病虫害类型和发病的特点以及产生这些病虫害的原因,提出防范治理措施,一旦发生病虫害,马上采取哪些有效的治理技术,进行了较为全面的分析。     

基于特征波段的SPOT-5卫星影像水稻面积信息自动提取的方法研究

为了快速、准确地从遥感影像上提取水稻信息,满足国家农情遥感监测系统要求,以黑龙江省852农场水稻提取为例,利用SPOT-5卫星影像数据,分析了水稻和其它背景地物的光谱特征,发现利用原有波段难以提取复杂的水稻信息,因此利用植被特征波段：归一化植被指数（NDVI）作为新波段融入原始影像中,在增加有效信息量的同时运用简单决策树模型提取水稻信息,并参照地块现状矢量图进行精度评价。结果表明,该方法的总体提取效果较好,其提取精度与通常的监督分类方法相比有了较大的提高,只是在水稻和玉米交界处有误判现象。     

湖北四种典型土壤硫肥效应

选择黄棕壤、红壤、灰潮土和水稻土等湖北省四种主要土壤类型,对油菜和水稻分别进行盆栽和田间硫肥试验。试验结果表明:黄棕壤、红壤和灰潮土三种土壤盆栽油菜施用硫肥后,均能促进油菜的生长发育并增加油菜的干物重,但总体上施石膏的效应比施硫磺要好。水稻土田间水稻硫肥试验后,明显提高了水稻产量,但施硫磺粉的效果要比施石膏好,前者的增产率达到27.44%,后者是14.88%。试验前后土壤有效硫的变化进一步说明施用硫肥可以维持土壤硫素平衡,满足作物营养需求。使用澳大利亚KC l—40方法测定土壤有效硫含量,能反映土壤供硫水平与作物产量的相关性,这对于指导我国农业生产具有重要的意义。     

应用硅素释放动力学方程评价水稻土供硅能力Ⅰ硅素释放动力学方程参数与水稻相对产量的关系

在淹水培养条件下,进行了12种不同pH水稻土硅素累积释放试验,结合田间试验的效果,研究了土壤有效硅、水稻土硅的累积释放特征及其与硅肥肥效之间的关系。结果表明:1mol L-1HAc-NaAc(pH=4)缓冲液法不能直接判断碱性水稻土供硅能力。不同pH水稻土中硅素的释放过程可以用方程y=kxm来描述。土壤硅素120日累积释放量、硅素释放初始速率km与水稻相对产量具有显著的线性正相关关系。因此,应用土壤硅素释放动力学方程参数能够评价不同pH水稻土的供硅能力。     

利用HJ星遥感进行水稻抽穗期长势分级监测研究

对水稻长势进行遥感分级监测,制作能够直观反映水稻长势等级的遥感专题图,便于农业技术人员及时制定有效的田间管理措施,达到增产的目的。以江苏省泰兴市为例,利用HJ-A/B卫星遥感影像,提取水稻的种植面积并分析抽穗期水稻的长势情况。在利用GPS实地取样调查和建立解译标志的基础上,进行HJ-A/B卫星影像校正,人机交互式判读解译等操作,并将GPS样点数据校验贯穿到整个分类过程中,面积信息解译精度在90%以上。最后,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)反演叶面积指数(LAI)数据信息,依据LAI数据进行水稻长势分级,制作了泰兴市水稻抽穗期长势分级遥感监测专题图。     

结合位置先验与稀疏表示的单帧人脸图像超分辨率算法

提出了一种结合位置先验与稀疏表示的人脸图像超分辨率算法,可对单帧输入的低分辨率人脸图像基于训练集进行超分辨率重建。利用压缩感知理论中的信号分解方法,〖BP(〗明确哪些方法更好〖BP)〗,将稀疏表示与人脸位置先验信息相结合,使用经过分类的超完备冗余字典,来分别稀疏逼近输入信号的块向量结构。利用最佳的K项原子,线性组合重建出高分辨率图像块。最后按照图像块最初在人脸的位置,将它们拼接为整体人脸。在CAS-PEAL-R1人脸图库上的实验结果表明,该算法使用相对较少的原子,就可以重建出质量较好的高分辨率人脸图像。     

基于多结构元顺序形态变换的灰度图像边缘检测

在简要介绍顺序形态变换的基本概念及相关性质和对顺序形态变换进行边缘检测的原理进行阐述,以及对结构元素和百分位对边缘检测的影响进行讨论的基础上,根据图像形态学多刻度形态滤波的思想,从抑制噪声的角度对基本边缘检测算子进行推广和扩展,首先构造了3种边缘检测算子,并从理论上分析了算子的特性;然后将多结构元与图像边缘进行匹配,提出了3种广义顺序形态边缘检测算子并给出了一般表达形式;最后着重探讨了多结构元素及二重混合顺序形态变换百分位值p、q的选取原则.实验结果表明,该边缘检测算子在抑制噪声对图像边缘的影响和保持图像细节方面,优于传统的边缘检测算子和普通的形态边缘检测器.     

The psychophysical lifting capacities of Chinese subjects

The psychophysical lifting capacity (MAWL) of twelve subjects was determined in this study. The subjects were all young Chinese males who performed lifting tasks in three lifting ranges (floor to knuckle, floor to shoulder, and knuckle to shoulder) and four lifting frequencies (one-time maximum, 1 lift/min, 4 lifts/min, and 6 lifts/min). The oxygen uptake (1/min) and heart rate (beats/min) were recorded while subjects were lifting. Upon completion of each lifting task, the subjects were required to rate their perceived exertion levels. The statistical analyses results indicated the following. Chinese subjects have smaller body size and MAWLs compared with past studies using the US population. The MAWLs decreased with an increase in lifting frequencies. The decrements of MAWL due to lifting frequencies were in agreement with the results of past studies. However, there were larger decreases due to lifting ranges. The MAWLs of the floor to knuckle height lift were the largest, followed by the MAWLs of the floor to shoulder height lift, and the MAWLs of the knuckle to shoulder height lift. The measured physiological responses were considered similar to those obtained in past studies. Subjects' perceived stress levels increased with the lifting frequency and the upper extremities received the most stress for the total range of lifting tasks. The comparisons of the Chinese MAWLs with the NIOSH lifting guidelines for limits (AL and MPL) indicated that the vertical discounting factor in the guidelines should be modified before the NIOSH limits can be applied to non-Western populations.     

Learning medical alarms whilst performing other tasks

Two studies are reported which first observe, and then attempt to replicate, the cognitive demands of intensive care unit (ICU) activity whilst concurrently learning audible alarms. The first study, an observational study in an ICU ward, showed that the alarms are very frequent and co-occur with some activities more than others. The three most frequently observed activities observed in the ICU were drugs (calculation, preparation and administration), patient observation and talking. The cognitive demands of these activities were simulated in a second, laboratory-based experiment in which alarms were learned. The results showed that performance in the alarm task generally improved as participants were exposed to more repetitions of those alarms, but that performance decrements were observed in the secondary tasks, particularly when there were two or three of them. Some confusions between the alarms persisted to the end of the study despite prolonged exposure to the alarms, confusions which were likely caused by both acoustic and verbal labelling similarities.

Practitioner Summary: The cognitive demands of working in an ICU were observed and simulated whilst alarms were learned. Alarms should generally avoid sharing similar rhythmic (and other) characteristics. The simulation task described here could be used for testing alarm learning without requiring a clinical environment.     

Consumers’ post-adoption behaviour towards Internet banking: empirical evidence from Australia

This study sets out to investigate the factors that influence Australian consumers’ post-adoption behaviour towards Internet banking. By integrating the research streams of technology adoption, diffusion of innovations and continuance theory of information systems, technology factors, channel factors, social factors and value-for-money factors were hypothesised to exert an impact on consumers’ post-adoption behaviour towards Internet banking. Data were gathered from 372 Internet banking users through a cross-sectional mall intercept survey. The data were analysed using Partial Least Squares path modelling. The results show that technology factors, channel factors and value-for-money factors partially influence consumers’ post-adoption behaviour towards Internet banking. Social factors were found to be non-significant. The practical implications for retail bank managers in formulating effective service delivery channel management strategies were outlined. The practical, theoretical and methodological implications of the study were discussed, and limitations and avenues for future research were presented.     

扩散映射置乱与超混沌系统组合图像加密算法

提出一个基于扩散与位平面Arnold映射相结合的彩色图像置乱,以及采用Chen系统产生的混沌序列加密的图像加密算法。先由Logistic系统构造的二维非线性动力系统产生的混沌序列形成扩散矩阵和Arnold映射矩阵,然后在基色上对彩色图像进行扩散，并在不同的位平面对彩色图像进行置乱，最后用Chen系统产生的混沌序列对置乱后的图像进行加密。该算法实现简单，能够抵御多种攻击，且容易用硬件实现。     

Comparison of land surface emissivity and radiometric temperature derived from MODIS and ASTER sensors

This study compared surface emissivity and radiometric temperature retrievals derived from data collected with the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensors, onboard the NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS)-TERRA satellite. Two study sites were selected: a semi-arid area located in northern Chihuahuan desert, USA, and a Savannah landscape located in central Africa. Atmospheric corrections were performed using the MODTRAN 4 atmospheric radiative transfer code along with atmospheric profiles generated by the National Center for Environmental Predictions (NCEP). Atmospheric radiative properties were derived from MODTRAN 4 calculations according to the sensor swaths, which yielded different strategies from one sensor to the other. The MODIS estimates were then computed using a designed Temperature-Independent Spectral Indices of Emissivity (TISIE) method. The ASTER estimates were derived using the Temperature Emissivity Separation (TES) algorithm. The MODIS and ASTER radiometric temperature retrievals were in good agreement when the atmospheric corrections were similar, with differences lower than 0.9 K. The emissivity estimates were compared for MODIS/ASTER matching bands at 8.5 and 11 μm. It was shown that the retrievals agreed well, with RMSD ranging from 0.005 to 0.015, and biases ranging from −0.01 to 0.005. At 8.5 μm, the ranges of emissivities from both sensors were very similar. At 11 μm, however, the ranges of MODIS values were broader than those of the ASTER estimates. The larger MODIS values were ascribed to the gray body problem of the TES algorithm, whereas the lower MODIS values were not consistent with field references. Finally, we assessed the combined effects of spatial variability and sensor resolution. It was shown that for the study areas we considered, these effects were not critical.     

成本估算模型的数据诊断与处理

提高产品成本估算模型精确度的关键技术是如何进行原始数据的预处理和诊断。对成本原始数据进行了时间价值和学习曲线效应的修正,并采用矩阵的奇异值分解和方差分解比诊断法进行数据的多重共线性诊断,分别采用帽子矩阵法和剔除后的t化残差进行自变量、因变量异常值诊断,用库克距离进行强影响值的诊断,保证了模型所用数据满足要求,提高了模型的精度。     

基于特征比值法的电子鼻农药识别系统

采用二氧化锡半导体气敏传感器、热线型和催化型气敏传感器构成气体传感器阵列,用小波降噪和数据压缩对传感器响应信号进行预处理,采用特征比值法对响应曲线进行特征提取.选取不同浓度的常用农药等10种气体用径向基神经网络进行训练和识别试验,气味识别正确率达到83.3%.     

Ergonomics of ergonomic chairs: a study of adjustability features

The ease of adjustability of ‘ergonomic chairs’ was investigated. Twenty-six chairs were classified with respect to control features. There were 24 different types of control arrangements. Twenty subjects participated in a series of three experiments. The first experiment investigated what types of control mechanisms could be identified by naive users who had received no training or instruction in the use of control devices. The chairs were classified into five broad categories, and one chair from each category was tested. Two control design features, control discernibility and control feedback, significantly improved users' understanding of the adjustability controls. In the second experiment controls on 20 chairs were evaluated. Subjects were first trained in the operation of the controls for each chair; and then they performed a chair adjustability task. Six control evaluation criteria were used: reachability, force, ease of operation, preference, time to adjust, and number of control activations. Controls with long levers were preferred to controls with short levers or push buttons. The third experiment investigated the effect of the number of adjustability features on ratings of comfort and time for adjustment. Four chairs with different levels of control complexity were evaluated. The chair with the greatest number of adjustability controls took significantly greater time to adjust and was also judged to be the most comfortable.