十二烷基酚两性表面活性剂合成与性能测定

以氯醇醚为核心,与环氧氯丙烷、N,N-二甲基—1,3-丙二胺、二乙醇胺综合反应合成新型十二烷基酚两性表面活性剂,对目标产物进行结构表征及性能测定。结果表明,新合成的表面活性剂具有十二烷基酚两性型表面活性剂红外光谱结构特征,具有良好的表面性能、界面性能、热稳定性能和驱油性能,临界胶束浓度值为1.58×10-3 mol/L,临界表面张力γcmc值为28.39mN/m,与原油的最低界面张力为1.5×10-3 mN/m,85℃温度环境下能较长时间与原油保持10-3 mN/m以下的超低界面张力,无论是在强碱、弱碱驱油体系下均能提高原油采收率20%以上。     

醇醚型磺基琥珀酸酯盐系列的合成、结构与性能

该文对脂肪醇聚氧乙烯 (n )醚磺基琥珀酸单酯二钠盐 (n =3,5 ,7,9)的合成工艺和表面化学性能及应用性能进行了系统研究 ,并对反应物结构与其反应活性和产物结构与其表面活性的关系进行了讨论。结果表明 ,脂肪醇聚氧乙烯 (n )醚中乙氧基聚合数n由 3增加到 9,其酯化反应所需最佳温度由 110℃逐渐升高至 140℃ ;产物临界胶束浓度cmc 由 5 .0 1× 10 -4 mol/L减小至 1.41× 10 -4 mol/L ;临界表面张力γc 由 32 .5mN/m增大至 39.3mN/m ;钙皂分散力LSDP和乳化力逐渐增强 ,其中 ,乙氧基聚合数n为 9时 ,其钙皂分散力、乳化力最强 ;而当乙氧基聚合数n为 5时其去污能力最强。     

一种新型阳离子型双子表面活性剂的合成与性能评价

用乙烷和十六烷基二甲基叔胺合成了一种阳离子型双子表面活性剂-乙烷-1,2-二(十六烷基二甲基澳化铵),记为16-2-16,并对合成产物进行了表征和理化性能测定.结果表明,合成产物即为目标产物,该双子表面活性剂表面张力为3.4×10-4 N/m,25℃下的cmc为2.2×10-4 mol/L,同时也测定了其与普通常用表面活性剂的复配性能,发现具有优良的复配性能.     

双十二烷基甲基羟丙基磺基甜菜碱的合成与性能

以异丙醇/水为溶剂,在碳酸钠和碘化钾存在下,用双十二烷基甲基叔胺和3-氯-2-羟基丙磺酸钠反应合成了双十二烷基甲基羟丙基磺基甜菜碱(diC12HSB),经红外、质谱、核磁表征确认为目标产物。由于具有双长链烷基,diC12HSB水溶性较差,但具有良好的油溶性。25℃下diC12HSB在水/空气界面的饱和吸附量达到7.0×10-10mol/cm2,相应的分子截面积为0.237 nm2,其临界胶束浓度约为1.8×10-5mol/L,γcmc<31 mN/m,即具有优良的表面活性。通过与亲水性磺基甜菜碱或羧基甜菜碱以及烷醇酰胺乙氧基化物类非离子表面活性剂复配,混合物中diC12HSB的摩尔分数为0.25~0.3,可在表面活性剂总质量分数为0.01%~0.3%范围内将大庆原油/地层水的界面张力降至超低,无需添加任何碱或无机盐。因此,diC12HSB可用作无碱驱油用表面活性剂。     

改性松香基非离子表面活性剂的合成及性能

以松香和聚甘油为原料,合成了一种松香基非离子表面活性剂,得到不同甘油聚合度的产物.得到的松香基非离子表面活性剂的表面物化性能为表面张力44.2～49.6 mN/m;临界胶束浓度8.0×10-4～25.6×10-4mol/L;钙皂分散指数13.5%～21.5%;界面张力11.7～18.9 mN/m;乳化力44～85 s;泡沫性能6～46 mm;润湿力87～121 s.并对甘油聚合度和产物表面性能的关系进行了考察.     

沙枣糖合成烷基糖苷工艺的研究

以沙枣糖和脂肪醇为原料,采用正交试验L16（4^5）进行烷基糖苷的合成,我出了合成烷基糖苷较佳的工艺条件：反应温度115-120℃,常压反应,反应时间5～7h,m沙枣糖：m乙二醇：m正十二醇=1：2：1．2,选用0．8％的对甲苯磺酸和0．2％的十二烷基苯磺酸的混合酸为催化剂．沙枣糖转化率达87．5M,产物表面张力为29．1～33．7mN／m．通过红外光谱对产物的结构进行了分析．     

降膜式磺化工艺合成驱油用石油磺酸盐的研究

以高芳烃的中海绥中低凝环烷基减压馏分油为原料,以三氧化硫为磺化剂,采用降管膜式反应器合成出了收率高达53.7%、有效物含量高达80%的石油磺酸盐(NPS).SO3体积分数为4.2%、SO3与原料油中芳烃的物质的量之比为1.2、温度为30℃、稀释剂与原料油的质量稀释比为1.25是合成的较佳工艺条件.NPS具有较好的表(界)面活性,在较低的质量分数下表面张力为31.3mN/m,与盐或醇复配后,可达到10-3～10-4 mN/m的超低界面张力.NPS作驱油剂具有很好的应用前景.     

一种新型甜菜碱型沥青乳化剂的合成及在线红外光谱分析

以月桂醇、环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺、氯乙酸经三步反应合成出一种新型甜菜碱型沥青乳化剂.确定了第一步合成2-(十二烷氧基亚甲基)环氧乙烷的最佳反应条件,其收率为75.7%.利用红外光谱对3种产物结构进行了表征,利用在线红外光谱技术对第一步合成2-(十二烷氧基亚甲基)环氧乙烷的反应进行追踪分析,检测出中间体.基于以上实验数据,提出了合理的反应机理.最终产物的临界胶束浓度为8.8×10-5mol/L,在临界胶束浓度下的表面张力为21.2 mN/m.该乳化剂属于中裂型沥青乳化剂.     

微生物与化学剂体系结合提高驱油效率的实验研究

利用芽孢杆菌DY-5的培养液对原油进行处理,处理后的原油样品酸值由0.009 5 m g KOH/g增加至0.082 m g KOH/g,上升了7.6倍.菌液与原油接触72 h后,大庆脱水、脱气原油与碱/化学表面活性剂体系间的界面张力值由3.95×1-0 3mN/m降至1.5×1-0 4mN/m,达到超低界面张力.同时,微生物菌液与碱/化学表面活性体系结合,对其中的化学表面活性剂在油砂上的吸附量降低38%左右.岩心模拟实验表明,采用微生物与碱/表面活性体系驱油,比单独用碱/化学表面活性剂体系驱油提高采收率3.35%,这为三次采油技术提供了一种新的高效驱油方法.     

新型含硼两性表面活性剂REAB的研制

以 1 溴十二烷与二乙醇胺烷基化合成N、N 二羟乙基十二烷基胺 (REA) ,再与硼酸酯化合成了一类新型含硼两性特种表面活性剂 (REAB) .其在pH值 6 .6～ 9.1范围内显示两性特征 :在pH值 5～ 11范围内表面活性优良 ,CMC为 1.0 34× 10 -3 mol/L、γcmc为 2 5 .6 8mN/m ;其具有中等的泡沫性能 ,且具有优良的抗静电效果     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.