非核苷类NEDD8活化酶抑制剂的设计、合成与活性研究

目的 采用骨架跃迁策略设计非核苷类NEDD8活化酶（NAE）抑制剂,并测试其抗肿瘤活性。方法 通过23步反应以较高收率合成双磺酰胺类化合物14,通过¹H NMR和MS确证其化学结构,采用MTT法测试体外抗肿瘤活性。结果 化合物14对多种肿瘤细胞株显示出较好的活性,并呈剂量依赖性引起UBC12蛋白累积。结论 化合物14是全新骨架的NAE抑制剂,在前列腺肿瘤细胞PANC-1中能显著引起细胞凋亡和细胞周期阻滞,为后续NAE抑制剂研究提供了一个有价值的先导化合物。     

槲寄生内生菌IA-4-2及其代谢产物的分离、鉴定和神经氨酸酶抑制作用考察

摘 要 目的：研究对神经氨酸酶具有抑制作用的槲寄生内生菌次生代谢产物。方法: 采用AB 8大孔吸附树脂、C₁₈-SPE柱层析结合制备型HPLC等手段进行分离纯化,根据GC-MS和HPLC等分析手段确定化合物结构,并且利用神经氨酸酶抑制药筛选试剂盒测定活性。结果: 从槲寄生内生菌IA 4 2中获得对神经氨酸酶具有较强抑制作用的化合物,经结构鉴定为吲哚-3-甲醛,其对神经氨酸酶的 IC₅₀为128.2 μg?ml^-1。结论:槲寄生内生菌次生代谢产物吲哚-3-甲醛对神经氨酸酶抑制作用明显,值得进一步研究。     

流感病毒神经氨酸酶抑制剂筛选模型的建立和应用

目的建立适用于高通量筛选的流感病毒神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase,NA)抑制剂筛选模型。方法从甲型及乙型流感病毒中制备神经氨酸酶,以2′-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid(MUNANA)作为底物,建立检测神经氨酸酶活性的荧光测定法及其抑制剂体外筛选方法,用高通量筛选系统对1 200个化合物与提取物进行初筛。结果神经氨酸酶酶促反应以pH 3.5,二价阳离子浓度为2～6 mmol·L^-1及37℃孵育时酶活性最佳;甲、乙型流感病毒不同株神经氨酸酶的米氏常数(Km)的范围为(4.89～5.94) μmol·L^-1;初筛发现12个化合物对流感病毒神经氨酸酶有可重复的抑制活性。结论优化了神经氨酸酶反应体系,建立的体外模型可用于抗甲、乙型流感病毒药物的高通量筛选及酶抑制动力学的研究。     

新型吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶1抑制剂的设计及生物活性研究

目的 吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1（Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1,IDO1）催化色氨酸的氧化裂解,是色氨酸-犬尿氨酸途径中的关键限速步骤。在肿瘤组织中,肿瘤细胞高表达吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1,因此设计其小分子抑制剂有望成为有效的肿瘤免疫治疗药物。方法 本研究在前期高通量筛选发现的先导化合物LVS-19的基础上,通过分子对接模型,设计合成新型吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶1抑制剂。结果 设计并合成5个衍生物。其中最优化合物6e测得的IC₅₀值为2.61 μmol·L^-1,相较于苗头化合物活性提高约3倍的。结论 本研究能为吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1抑制剂的结构修饰与改造提供理论依据。     

二茂铁杂环类化合物的合成及抗三阴性乳腺癌活性研究

目的 设计、合成杂环二茂铁衍生物,并研究其抗三阴性乳腺癌活性。方法 以二茂铁查耳酮为先导化合物,对其进行结构改造,合成了一系列含有杂环的二茂铁衍生物,并通过CCK8试剂盒测试化合物抗乳腺癌活性。结果 合成了28个二茂铁衍生物,其结构均通过¹H-NMR和MS加以确证。初步的生物活性测试结果表明,所合成的二茂铁衍生物对三阴性乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞有较强的选择性和抑制活性,其中咪唑杂环化合物抗肿瘤活性强于相应的吡唑类和嘧啶化合物。尤其是28a[IC₅₀=（1.6±0.23）μmol·L^-1]对MDA-MB-231的抑制活性分别是先导化合物3[IC₅₀=（10.7±1.41）μmol·L^-1]和他莫昔芬[IC₅₀=（13.7±1.17）μmol·L^-1]的6和10倍,同时这些二茂铁衍生物对正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A均没有毒性。结论 本研究为开发具有抗三阴性乳腺癌活性的化合物提供了信息和依据。     

新型三唑类化合物的设计、合成和抗真菌活性研究

目的 基于唑类药物合理优化的分子设计模型,设计新型三唑类化合物,并测试其对常见致病真菌的抑制活性。方法 采用环氧化物开环法合成目标化合物,通过¹H NMR和MS确证其化学结构,经微量液基稀释法测试体外抗真菌活性。结果 合成了2个含三唑酮侧链的新型唑类化合物,它们均显示了优秀的广谱抗真菌活性。结论 目标化合物对白色念珠菌的活性优于对照药氟康唑和酮康唑,值得进一步深入构效关系研究。     

虎杖苷及其衍生物抑制SGLT2降血糖活性研究

目的 揭示虎杖苷及其衍生物抑制钠-葡萄糖协同转运体2（sodium-glucose cotransporter 2,SGLT2）活性的构效关系。方法 以虎杖苷为起始物,经S_N2取代反应、催化氢化获得5个衍生物,以¹H-NMR和HR-ESI-MS进行结构表征。采用荧光标记的1-脱氧葡萄糖{1-[N-（7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl）amino]-1-deoxy-D-glucose,1-NBDG}作为底物对虎杖苷及其衍生物进行体外抑制SGLT2活性测试,对衍生物1b进行体内活性测试,大鼠口服糖耐量实验及促尿糖实验。结果 获得5个虎杖苷衍生物,¹H-NMR和HR-ESI-MS表征结构正确,体外实验显示虎杖苷及其衍生物能较好地抑制SGLT2活性,且化合物1b在10^-5 mol·L^-1时对SGLT2的抑制率达98.6%,但是大鼠体内实验显示1b在120 mg·kg^-1时抑糖率只有11%,尿糖量只有122 mg每200 g,其活性远远低于阳性对照药达格列净。结论 虎杖苷及其衍生物作为O-芳基糖苷化合物具有较弱的抑制SGLT2降血糖活性,其分子结构对后续设计新的C-芳基糖苷SGLT2抑制剂具有一定的指导意义。     

新型非共价结合拟肽类蛋白酶体抑制剂的合成及活性评价

目的 设计、合成系列非共价结合拟肽类蛋白酶体抑制剂,并对其进行活性评价。方法 根据非共价结合蛋白酶体抑制剂与蛋白酶体的结合特点,采用氨基酸替换、生物电子等排等经典的药物设计方法,选取邻氯苄胺作为化合物的羧基末端基团,同时在肽骨架结构中引入六元环以增强肽类化合物的稳定性,设计并合成了一系列短肽非共价结合类蛋白酶体抑制剂,并通过体外蛋白酶体活性抑制实验评价该类化合物的活性。结果 共合成了8个具有全新结构的二肽和三肽化合物,其结构经¹H-NMR、ESI-MS确证,该类化合物对蛋白酶体具有中等的抑制活性。结论 肽链的长短及氨基末端不同的取代基对化合物的蛋白酶体抑制活性都有影响,8个化合物在体外对蛋白酶体都具有不同程度的抑制活性。本研究丰富了蛋白酶体抑制剂的结构类型,为该类化合物的深入研究奠定了基础。     

苯二醛缩氨基硫脲的合成及其酪氨酸酶抑制活性研究

目的 合成苯二醛单缩和二缩氨基硫脲类化合物,并初步研究其抑制酪氨酸酶的活性和作用机制。方法 以5种苯二醛和氨基硫脲为原料,通过缩合反应合成9个目标化合物;采用蘑菇酪氨酸酶多巴速率氧化法和酶抑制动力学实验,测定目标化合物对酪氨酸酶的抑制活性和作用机制;选择化合物3a和4a进行抑制机制和抑制动力学研究。结果 目标化合物的结构经¹H-NMR、¹³C-NMR及MS确证;所有化合物抑制酪氨酸酶的活性均优于对照药物曲酸;苯二醛二缩氨基硫脲3a~3d的活性明显强于相应的单缩氨基硫脲4a~4d;化合物3a和4a对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用均表现为混合型可逆抑制作用。结论 苯二醛二缩氨基硫脲类化合物具有优异的抑制酪氨酸酶的活性,值得进一步深入研究。     

13-酰胺基取代苦参碱衍生物的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的 合成13-酰胺基取代苦参碱衍生物及研究该类化合物的体外抗肿瘤活性。方法 以槐果碱为原料,通过迈克尔加成（Michael addition）,叠氮还原酰化反应,制得系列13-位酰胺取代的衍生物,所有化合物结构均经¹H NMR等谱确证;选取人肝癌细胞（BEL-7404）和小鼠黑色素瘤细胞（K111）对所合成的目标化合物进行体外抗肿瘤药理活性筛选。结果 设计合成了9个新化合物,大多数化合物对两株肿瘤细胞都具有较强的抑制活性。结论 化合物4b和4e对人肝癌细胞（BEL-7404）有较强的抑制活性。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.