一次弓状回波、强对流风暴及合并过程研究Ⅰ：以单多普勒雷达资料为主的综合分析

利用济南CINRAD/SA雷达探测资料,结合卫星、自动站和其他常规天气资料,分析了一次弓状回波和强对流风暴的发生、发展,弓状回波和强对流风暴合并形成新弓状回波后又演变成逗点回波的过程。结果表明：（1）强对流过程发生在东北低涡横槽转竖过程,大气环境具有较大的对流有效位能和中等强度的低层垂直风切变。FY-2C卫星的红外云图...     

山东降水回波移动特征分析

利用济南新一代多普勒雷达在4年之间获取的217个观测资料,分析了回波的移动特征。主要结果为：（1）计算了回波移动速度、方向,结果表明回波移动速度在10.0~95.0 km·h-1之间,峰值在45.0~50.0 km·h-1,不同月份回波移动速度存在差别,春末（5月）、秋初（9月）回波具有较大的移动速度;回波移动方向在120°~360°之间,其中80.6%集中在210°~315°之间,回波移向比较集中在西南、西和西北方向。（2）降水过程回波的运动特征可以概括为四种形式：简单直线型、复合直线型、复杂移动型和其他类型,各种类型占的比例分别为69.6%、19.4%、25.2%和4.7%。这些研究可以为人工影响天气方案的设计和临近预报服务提供参考依据。     

铜仁市一次雷暴大风过程分析

利用常规站资料、ERA5资料（0.25°×0.25°）以及务川雷达和铜仁新一代多普勒天气雷达资料对2022年4月24日发生在贵州铜仁市多个区（县）的一次雷暴大风过程进行分析,结果表明：（1）此次天气过程是发生上干下湿的不稳定环境中,高空槽、南支槽、低涡、切变线和地面辐合线都为此次强对流天气过程提供了触发条件。（2）大的DCAPE值、中层中等强度的垂直风切变和低层较强的垂直风切变以及较大的850hPa与500hPa的温差都是利于大风产生的条件。（3）大风常常出现在弓形回波前部突出处,高悬的强回波、弱回波区、高的回波顶高以及径向速度中出现逆风区和强并且深厚的中层径向辐合等都是出现大风天气的雷达产品特征。     

2012年春末昆明大暴雨的中尺度对流系统特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR逐6 h 1°×1°再分析资料、FY 2E红外云图TBB资料、昆明C波段多普勒雷达探测资料,结合中尺度数值模式的模拟结果,分析了2012年5月24日晚昆明大暴雨期间中尺度对流系统演变特征及形成机理。结果表明,此次大暴雨是在高低空系统最佳配置下产生的。降水峰值出现时,低层增暖湿,从地面到500 hPa呈显著的对流性不稳定层结,700～500 hPa垂直风切变达14 m·s-1。纬向结构上,暴雨中心低层东风增强,300 hPa以下纬向风辐合,中心强度为-28×10-5 s-1,150 hPa以下上升气流中心强度为21 m·s-1,近地面水汽通量辐合为-20×10-5 g·hPa-1·s-1·cm-2;经向上,暴雨中心500 hPa以下南风风速辐合,上升气流增强,强度与纬向一致,低层水汽通量辐合中心强度为-30×10-5 g·hPa-1·s-1·cm-2,强于纬向水汽通量辐合。此外大暴雨中地形对南风的强迫也是显著的,抬升速度在0.4~1.0 m·s-1。这次强降水分为初始、加强、回落和衰减四个阶段,昆明近地层浅薄冷空气加强时,引发其东侧对流单体移向昆明,强降水发生;然后南风出现脉动,局地湿层增厚和垂直风切变加大,促使对流单体两度增强并出现降水峰值;第三次峰值则是弱南风脉动及对流单体合并所造成,由于移入的单体较之原地发展的单体弱得多,原地单体作用的降水峰值也明显小于前面两次。对流降水回波属于暖云性质的热带低质心降水回波。     

2017年北京北部一次罕见强弓状飑线过程演变和机理

2017年7月7日下午至午夜,河北西北部和北京中北部发生了一次罕见的最大瞬时风力将近12级并伴有大冰雹的强弓状飑线过程,其触发、演变和维持机制等具有较高研究价值。综合多种观测资料和NCEP分析资料,利用“配料法”分析了该次飑线过程的环境条件、触发、演变、风暴结构和弓形回波的形成与维持机制。飑线发生在500 hPa冷涡西南部的前倾槽和低空急流形势下;超过2000 J/kg的对流有效位能（CAPE）、强0—6 km和0—3 km风垂直切变为弓状飑线及其相关超级单体的生成和维持、大冰雹和地面强风的形成提供了有利条件;较低的湿球温度0℃层（~3.8 km）是有利于大冰雹形成的融化层高度;对流层中层高达30℃温度露点差与大的垂直减温率造成环境大气具有强的下沉对流有效位能（DCAPE）,利于弓形回波和地面大风的形成。初始对流形成于西北风和西南偏西风之间的地面辐合线附近。地面大风和冰雹主要分布于低黑体亮温（TBB）和以正闪为主的闪电活跃处。雷达回波显示飑线先由线状对流系统发展成为团状超级单体对流系统,最后演变成弓状飑线。超级单体阶段和飑线阶段都有明显的回波悬垂、弱回波区、中气旋（飑线成熟后期为中涡旋）、强后侧入流及其伴随的入流缺口等;对流层中层急流和大的温度露点差是形成强下沉气流并发展出弓状特征的主要原因;大的对流有效位能和下沉对流有效位能以及强风垂直切变是飑线维持的原因。      

冷涡背景下苏北地区连续两次强对流天气过程对比分析

利用地面观测资料、天气雷达资料和ECMWF-ERA5逐小时0.25°×0.25°再分析资料,主要从环境条件和触发机制两个方面,对2019年6月8日（简称过程A）、9日（简称过程B）影响江苏省北部的两次冷涡型强对流天气过程进行了对比分析。结果表明： 过程A是由暖湿气流引起的短时强降水伴随雷暴大风的湿对流天气;过程B则是在高层西北气流下由干冷平流强迫引起的大风冰雹伴随短时强降水的混合对流天气。过程A,由暖湿气流形成强对流不稳定层结,垂直风切变强度一般,湿层深厚,有利于短时强降水的发生;过程B,中高层的较强干冷平流叠加在低层暖湿平流上而形成强对流不稳定层结,强的垂直风切变位于中低层,配合较强的动力抬升条件,有利于冰雹的发生。两次天气过程的触发机制都是地面辐合线。过程A的预报重点为水汽条件和来自上游的对流系统与当地地面辐合线的耦合;过程B的预报重点为大气的不稳定度和冷涡后部冷空气的干侵入与地面辐合线的耦合。     

极端雷暴大风的环境参量特征

为了研究极端雷暴大风天气环境要素特点,选取2002—2017年中国各地区极端雷暴大风个例95个和不伴随强对流的普通雷暴个例95个,通过两者间关键环境参数的对比,揭示极端雷暴大风事件的关键环境参数特征。结果表明:极端雷暴大风天气发生在对流层中层相对干的环境下,表现为400~700 hPa极端雷暴大风对应的单层最大温度露点差和平均温度露点差平均值分别为25.7℃和13.6℃,而普通雷暴的相应值分别为16.2℃和6.5℃。统计结果表明:尽管产生极端雷暴大风的对流风暴和普通雷达对应的地面露点差异并不大,但前者相应的大气可降水量（平均值为37 mm）明显低于后者（平均值为51 mm）,差异突出表现在两者湿层厚度的不同上;相对于普通雷暴事件,极端雷暴大风事件对应的对流有效位能值（平均值为1820 J·kg-1）明显高于普通雷暴事件的对应值（平均值为470 J·kg-1）;此外,极端雷暴大风事件对应的对流层中下层垂直温度递减率、下沉有效位能、夹卷层平均风速和0~6 km,0~3 km垂直风切变均明显大于普通雷暴事件对应的相应值。     

陕西商洛“6.30”强冰雹过程环境条件及雷达特征分析

利用地面加密资料、多普勒雷达观测资料、ERA5（0.25°×0.25°）逐小时再分析资料,对2022年6月30日出现在陕南东部的一次极端强冰雹天气过程的环境条件及雷达特征进行了分析。结果表明：高空冷涡后部偏北气流带动高层干冷空气南下,叠加在低层西南暖湿气流之上,造成强的位势不稳定层结,为强对流天气发生提供了有利的背景条件。较强的低层水汽输送及辐合、强的对流有效位能、适宜的0 ℃和-20 ℃等温线高度、0～6 km中等强度的垂直风切变为冰雹天气发生提供了有利的环境条件,中高层冷空气及地面冷池触发了强对流天气的发生。适宜的冷暖云厚度有利于雹粒的增大;强的上升气流有利于小雹粒在丰富的过冷水中循环增长。基本反射率因子图上有三体散射,最强反射率因子达65 dBz以上,剖面图上有低层弱回波区、中高层回波悬垂,50 dBz以上的强回波核心位置超过-20 ℃层等温线高度。基本速度图上有中气旋特征,回波顶高对对流发展和减弱有一定指示意义。VIL跃增20 kg/m-2以上对冰雹天气预警有一定的提前量。     

一次雷暴大风的中尺度结构特征分析

应用天津新一代天气雷达产品和255m气象铁塔资料等，分析了2004年6月22日20：00～21：40时（北京时）出现在天津地区的一次雷暴大风天气过程。分析证实：不仅具有弓状回波的对流系统能够产生雷暴大风，而且阵风锋也能够产生雷暴大风；只是弓状回波顶部和向前突起部分产生的大风更强烈。另外还探讨分析了雷暴大风的中尺度结构特征。     

一次强风雹天气的干侵入作用及雷达回波特征分析

利用6小时NCEP 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料、常规观测资料和多普勒雷达资料等，对2018年6月13日发生在河南省北部地区的一次风雹天气过程进行诊断分析，结果表明：（1）此次强风雹天气发生在华北冷涡后部西北气流中，强天气发生前大气整层较为干燥，冷涡后部横槽南下，自上而下带来干冷空气，低层水汽辐合与午后地面高温共同作用，形成上干冷下暖湿的不稳定层结；（2）地面辐合线和弱冷锋是此次风雹天气的触发机制；（3）对流单体在干侵入的一侧首先发展加强，随后在地面辐合线附近不断产生小的对流单体，对流单体合并后进一步加强，逐渐形成弓形回波带,大风出现在回波带前侧地面辐合线附近，冰雹出现在中气旋左侧区域;（4）对流单体的移动方向与地面辐合线一致，地面辐合线稳定少动有利于对流系统的增强，地面辐合线断裂后对流系统迅速减弱消亡。这些结论为强风雹短临预报预警提供了参考依据。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.