粥化酶及其在果蔬加工中的应用研究

研究了粥化酶的粗酶特性及其在果蔬加工中的应用，并比较了粥化酶与其它果蔬加工用酶在苹果加工中的应用效果。研究结果表明粥化酶作用的最佳条件符合果蔬加工的要求，它能够不同程度的提高果蔬的出汁率及其澄清度；与其它果蔬加工用酶相比粥化酶具有作用效果好，价格便宜的优点     

Fruit and Vegetable Waste: Bioactive Compounds,Their Extraction,and Possible Utilization

Fruits and vegetables are the most utilized commodities among all horticultural crops. They are consumed raw, minimally processed, as well as processed, due to their nutrients and health‐promoting compounds. With the growing population and changing diet habits, the production and processing of horticultural crops, especially fruits and vegetables, have increased very significantly to fulfill the increasing demands. Significant losses and waste in the fresh and processing industries are becoming a serious nutritional, economical, and environmental problem. For example, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that losses and waste in fruits and vegetables are the highest among all types of foods, and may reach up to 60%. The processing operations of fruits and vegetables produce significant wastes of by‐products, which constitute about 25% to 30% of a whole commodity group. The waste is composed mainly of seed, skin, rind, and pomace, containing good sources of potentially valuable bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, polyphenols, dietary fibers, vitamins, enzymes, and oils, among others. These phytochemicals can be utilized in different industries including the food industry, for the development of functional or enriched foods, the health industry for medicines and pharmaceuticals, and the textile industry, among others. The use of waste for the production of various crucial bioactive components is an important step toward sustainable development. This review describes the types and nature of the waste that originates from fruits and vegetables, the bioactive components in the waste, their extraction techniques, and the potential utilization of the obtained bioactive compounds.     

酶学技术在食品加工与食品质量检测中的应用

本文从谷物加工、果蔬加工、肉类加工、乳制品加工四个研究领域对酶学技术在食品加工中的应用及其进展,从酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)与酶生物传感器法两个研究领域对酶学技术在食品质量检测中的应用及其进展进行了归纳和评述。糖苷酶类可应用于生产以抗性糊精、低聚果糖为代表的新型谷物营养食品,果胶酶及其复合酶制剂可以提高果汁的产量和质量,纤维素酶辅助提取技术提取果蔬中功能性成分,蛋白酶、脂肪酶应用于改良传统的肉制品、乳制品,以及制造更加营养均衡,符合保健需求的功能性肉制品、乳制品。酶联免疫分析法可以用于果蔬中农药残留以及食品中毒素的检测,可靠性更好、灵敏度更高的酶联免疫试剂盒是今后研究的重点。以酶电极为代表的酶生物传感器在食品中的有毒物、致癌物检测中也已经初步取得成功。同时,针对酶学技术在食品加工与食品质量检测中的应用存在的不足,本文也提出了相应的建议,比如通过固定化酶来降低酶制剂的使用成本,保证酶联免疫分析法的准确性,提高酶生物传感器的稳定性。     

Fungal biotechnology in food and feed processing

Fungi are of excellent value nutritionally, and of great importance to vegetarians. Edible mushrooms are excellent sources of protein, have low-fat content and are free of cholesterol. They are easily cultivable and are consumed either in fresh or processed form. Yeasts and filamentous fungi secrete a plethora of important enzymes in the growth medium together with other secondary metabolites. Most of these are hydrolytic in nature being employed in different food processing industries as well as in refinement of fodder quality. Edible filamentous fungi producing these enzymes present an added advantage for their use in food and feed. In this article these aspects will be discussed along with the results from edible mushroom Termitomyces clypeatus, producing a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes and products, from our laboratory. It is likely that the functional understanding of different enzyme classes will provide new applications within the food industry in the future.     

果蔬发酵制品的功效及应用研究进展

近年来以新鲜果蔬、食用真菌等为原料,经过酵母菌、乳酸菌等多种有益菌发酵而成的功能性发酵制品在我国发展迅速,其营养价值高,富含多酚类、黄酮类、有机酸类、益生菌、益生元、维生素、矿物质、生物酶等功效成分,具有抗氧化、消炎抑菌、改善肠道功能、提高免疫力、解酒护肝等功效。随着人们生活水平的提升,绿色健康保健型产品越来越受到消费者的青睐,因此,研究和开发功能性果蔬类发酵产品意义重大。本文综述了果蔬发酵制品的功效及其在食品行业、种植业、畜牧业和水产养殖业中的应用,展望了我国果蔬发酵产品应用的广阔前景,以期促进果蔬的综合加工利用及其发酵产业的发展,为高效开发功能性果蔬发酵产品,并实现其工业化生产提供参考资料。     

促进植物内源性果胶甲酯酶催化作用的因素与机制及其在果蔬加工中的应用

植物内源性果胶甲酯酶（pectin methylesterase,PME）存在于天然植物组织中,可以催化高酯果胶脱甲基酯化生成低酯果胶,进而影响果蔬硬度、出汁率等质构及加工品质。一方面,为了避免贮藏期间出现果蔬汁浑浊沉淀、果蔬罐头中果肉变软、调味酱（如辣椒酱）中皮肉分离等不良品质,会在加工过程中抑制PME活性;另一方面,为了提高果蔬汁出汁率、生产低酯果胶等,也可在食品中添加外源PME。目前,对于通过激活内源PME来改善食品加工的研究较少,因此,本综述重点讨论促进植物内源性PME催化作用的因素与机制及其在果蔬贮藏加工中的应用,为植物内源性PME在果蔬加工中的充分利用提供理论参考。     

The microbiology of minimally processed fresh fruits and vegetables

Minimally processed fresh (MPF) fruits and vegetables are good media for growth of microorganisms. They have been involved in outbreaks because of the consumption of products contaminated by pathogens. They are also sensitive to various spoilage microorganisms such as pectinolytic bacteria, saprophytic Gram‐negative bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts. Contamination of MPF fruits and vegetables occurs at every stage of the food chain, from cultivation to processing. Polluted environments during cultivation or poor hygienic conditions in processing increase the risk of contamination with foodborne pathogens. Although MPF fruits and vegetables may harbor psychrotrophic microorganisms such as fluorescent pseudomonads or Listeria monocytogenes, good control of refrigeration temperature limits growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Modified atmospheres are often efficient to maintain or improve visual and organoleptic quality of MPF fruits and vegetables, but their effects on microorganisms are inconsistent. Chemical disinfection can partially reduce the initial bacterial contamination; irradiation seems to be more efficient. The applications of legislations and quality assurance systems to control contamination, survival, and growth of foodborne pathogens in MPF fruits and vegetables are discussed.     

Interactions between plant proteins/enzymes and other food components,and their effects on food quality

Plant proteins are the main sources of dietary protein for humans, especially for vegetarians. There are a variety of components with different properties coexisting in foodstuffs, so the interactions between these components are inevitable to occur, thereby affecting food quality. Among these interactions, the interplay between plant proteins/enzymes from fruits and vegetables, cereals, and legumes and other molecules plays an important role in food quality, which recently has gained a particular scientific interest. Such interactions not only affect the appearances of fruits and vegetables and the functionality of cereal products but also the nutritive properties of plant foods. Non-covalent forces, such as hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic interaction, and van der Waals forces, are mainly responsible for these interactions. Future outlook is highlighted with aim to suggest a research line to be followed in further studies.     

微波技术应用(英文)

As a new development technique microwave technology has applied widely in areas of food processing.This article summarized the principles and characteristics of microwave technology and applications of microwave processing technology in meat products, cereals, fruits and vegetables processing.Some problems existed in microwave applications were analyzed.The development trend of microwave processing technology in food industry was put forward.     

用于检测果蔬中农药残留的柔性表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)基底：设计策略和应用进展

随着21世纪人口的迅速增长和科技的飞速发展,果蔬中的农药残留问题已引起广泛关注。表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)因其快速、无损和指纹识别的特性,已成为食品安全检测领域最有潜力的技术之一。柔性SERS基底的引入为非平面果蔬表面的原位检测提供了新的可能性。与刚性基底相比,柔性基底可通过“粘贴-剥离”或拭子取样的方法进行适应,实现了刚性基底无法达到的灵活性。然而,设计和制备同时具备高灵敏度、高稳定性和良好信号重现性的柔性基底仍是一项挑战。本综述首先概述了SERS的基本机理,然后深入探讨了柔性基底的构建策略,包括基底材质的选择和拉曼热点的构建方法。近年来,对于柔性基底在果蔬农残检测方面的应用实例也进行了总结。柔性SERS基底的发展前景广阔,但在实际应用中仍需克服许多困难和挑战。例如,如何确保在不同的检测环境中保持高灵敏度、高稳定性、高选择性和高重现性,如何降低成本实现大规模生产等。最后,本文针对柔性基底研发过程中的困难和挑战提出了一些可能的解决方案,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。这些解决方案和展望旨在推动柔性SERS基底的进一步研究和应用,为果蔬农残的准确、高效检测提供支持。总体而言,柔性SERS基底为果蔬农残检测提供了新的可能性和机遇。通过深入理解其工作机理、优化设计策略并克服现有挑战,有望实现其在食品安全领域的广泛应用。     

肉类保藏技术(五) 微波技术的应用

微波技术作为一种新兴技术,已广泛地应用于食品加工等领域。本文介绍了微波加热的原理、特点,介绍了近年来微波技术在肉制品、谷类和果蔬等食品原料中的应用技术研究,分析了微波技术的现状及存在的问题,提出了微波技术在食品工业中的应用研究前景。     

Recent Advances in Food Processing Using High Hydrostatic Pressure Technology

High hydrostatic pressure is an emerging non-thermal technology that can achieve the same standards of food safety as those of heat pasteurization and meet consumer requirements for fresher tasting, minimally processed foods. Applying high-pressure processing can inactivate pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms and enzymes, as well as modify structures with little or no effects on the nutritional and sensory quality of foods. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) have approved the use of high-pressure processing (HPP), which is a reliable technological alternative to conventional heat pasteurization in food-processing procedures. This paper presents the current applications of HPP in processing fruits, vegetables, meats, seafood, dairy, and egg products; such applications include the combination of pressure and biopreservation to generate specific characteristics in certain products. In addition, this paper describes recent findings on the microbiological, chemical, and molecular aspects of HPP technology used in commercial and research applications.     

Extrusion processing of raw food materials and by-products: A review

ABSTRACT

Extrusion technology has rapidly transformed the food industry with its numerous advantages over other processing methods. It offers a platform for processing different products from various food groups by modifying minor or major ingredients and processing conditions. Although cereals occupy a large portion of the extruded foods market, several other types of raw materials have been used. Extrusion processing of various food groups, including cereals and pseudo cereals, roots and tubers, pulses and oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, and animal products, as well as structural and nutritional changes in these food matrices are reviewed. Value addition by extrusion to food processing wastes and by-products from fruits and vegetables, dairy, meat and seafood, cereals and residues from starch, syrup and alcohol production, and oilseed processing are also discussed. Extrusion presents an economical technology for incorporating food processing residues and by-products back into the food stream. In contemporary scenarios, rising demand for extruded products with functional ingredients, attributed to evolving lifestyles and preferences, have led to innovations in the form, texture, color and content of extruded products. Information presented in this review would be of importance to processors and researchers as they seek to enhance nutritional quality and delivery of extruded products.     

Effects of combined pressure and temperature on enzymes related to quality of fruits and vegetables: from kinetic information to process engineering aspects

Throughout the last decade, high pressure technology has been shown to offer great potential to the food processing and preservation industry in delivering safe and high quality products. Implementation of this new technology will be largely facilitated when a scientific basis to assess quantitatively the impact of high pressure processes on food safety and quality becomes available. Besides, quantitative data on the effects of pressure and temperature on safety and quality aspects of foods are indispensable for design and evaluation of optimal high pressure processes, i.e., processes resulting in maximal quality retention within the constraints of the required reduction of microbial load and enzyme activity. Indeed it has to be stressed that new technologies should deliver, apart from the promised quality improvement, an equivalent or preferably enhanced level of safety. The present paper will give an overview from a quantitative point of view of the combined effects of pressure and temperature on enzymes related to quality of fruits and vegetables. Complete kinetic characterization of the inactivation of the individual enzymes will be discussed, as well as the use of integrated kinetic information in process engineering.     

质构分析在肉制品检测中的应用

质地特性是衡量肉与肉制品食用品质的重要参数,对肉品加工、贮运及安全都具有重要意义。质构仪是一种客观、快速衡量食品质地特性的方法,此方法已在肉制品、米面制品、乳制品、糖果、果蔬等食品的物性学分析得到应用。本文介绍了质构仪检测的原理和方法,综述了目前国内外质构仪在肉与肉制品品质检测中的应用情况,包括仪器质地参数与感官质地参数之间的相关性、肉制品品质与鲜肉新鲜度的检测、加工和食用品质的判别,肉制品生产工艺的优化等的国内外研究现状。     

Recent developments in high-quality drying of vegetables,fruits, and aquatic products

Fresh foods like vegetables, fruits, and aquatic products have high water activity and they are highly heat-sensitive and easily degradable. Dehydration is one of the most common methods used to improve food shelf-life. However, drying methods used for food dehydration must not only be efficient and economic but also yield high-quality products based on flavor, nutrients, color, rehydration, uniformity, appearance, and texture. This paper reviews some new drying technologies developed for dehydration of vegetables, fruits, and aquatic products. These include: infrared drying, microwave drying, radio frequency drying, electrohydrodynamic drying, etc., as well as hybrid drying methods combining two or more different drying techniques. A comprehensive review of recent developments in high-quality drying of vegetables, fruits and aquatic products is presented and recommendations are made for future research.     

MICROBIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF MINIMALLY PROCESSED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Microbiology is an important factor in the quality of minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Type of food, temperature, humidity, and use of modified atmosphere or low dose irradiation can influence the microecology of a food. Changes in the microbial ecology can likewise influence the ultimate safety and overall quality of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, food scientists must consider the microbiological consequences of all practices involved in production, processing, and delivery of these products.     

新型果蔬漂烫技术研究进展

果蔬水分含量较高,不易贮藏,采后腐烂变质情况较为严重。干燥可以有效延长果蔬的贮藏期,是果蔬加工常用的方法之一。漂烫是果蔬干燥前的关键步骤,具有灭酶、护色的作用。传统的漂烫方法采用高温热水及蒸汽进行灭酶,对果蔬品质影响较大。近年来科学家们提出并研究了一些新型漂烫技术。本文主要针对在传统漂烫方法基础上改进的一些新技术(超高温瞬时蒸汽漂烫和超声波辅助热漂烫)和新型干法漂烫技术(远红外漂烫、欧姆漂烫、微波漂烫以及射频漂烫),重点介绍其技术原理和应用优势。新型漂烫可提高漂烫效率,其中干法漂烫不采用水为加热介质,水溶性营养物质损失较少,产品品质较好,在工业上应用可降低能耗并减少废水的产生,具有良好的应用前景。本文为后续研究新型果蔬漂烫技术以及开发新型联合干燥技术提供参考。     

大气压冷等离子体在鲜切果蔬保鲜中的应用研究进展

鲜切果蔬因具有新鲜方便、无添加剂和营养价值高等优点而广受消费者喜爱,但是鲜切果蔬在加工和贮藏过程中极易受微生物污染,导致食品品质劣变并缩短货架期。大气压冷等离子体（Atmospheric cold plasma,ACP）是一种新型非热加工技术,广泛应用于食品及生物医药领域。本文综述了ACP对鲜切果蔬表面微生物的灭活效果以及对鲜切果蔬中酶活的作用,同时探讨了ACP处理对鲜切果蔬品质的影响,旨在为ACP在鲜切果蔬保鲜中的应用提供参考。