燕麦中β-葡聚糖及抗氧化成分研究进展

该文简要回顾近年来国外学者在燕麦β-葡聚糖及燕麦抗氧化成分领域主要研究内容和研究成果,包括燕麦β-葡聚糖的含量、分子结构、理化性质、生理功能及燕麦中主要抗氧化性物质成分组成和抗氧化效果研究。     

燕麦中抗氧化成分的初步研究

通过还原能力、清除•OH能力及抑制猪油氧化能力的测定综合评价了燕麦甲醇提取物、异丙醇提取物及乙醚提取物的抗氧化性能并对不同溶剂提取物中抗氧化物质的组成及存在形式进行了讨论。通过对燕麦麸皮和燕胚乳提取物抗氧化性能的比较,研究了燕麦中抗氧化性成分的分布情况。     

不同方法提取发芽燕麦酚类物质的含量、组成和抗氧化活性比较

将燕麦种子进行发芽实验,分别采用传统溶剂提取法和酶辅助提取法对发芽前后燕麦酚类物质进行提取,比较两种方法提取的总酚含量、提取物组成及抗氧化活性的差异。结果表明:酶辅助提取法更有利于燕麦酚类物质的提取,但由于酶法提取物中5种主要蒽酰胺2c、2p、2f、t2和t3的相对含量较溶剂提取物存在一定程度差异,且酶解后产生了新的组分,导致其抗氧化活性较溶剂提取物有所降低。此外,发芽过程可作为提高燕麦酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性的有效方法。     

燕麦红曲黄酒多酚含量及抗氧化性研究

对燕麦红曲黄酒的多酚含量及抗氧化性进行了研究。结果表明,与糯米红曲黄酒比较,燕麦红曲黄酒中多酚含量较高;抗氧化能力、还原能力、金属螯合能力也都优于糯米红曲黄酒,同时随着黄酒用量的增加,燕麦红曲黄酒的还原能力,金属螯合能力与糯米红曲黄酒的差异越明显。多酚物质在2种黄酒中的含量差异说明了燕麦红曲黄酒抗氧化能力优于糯米红曲黄酒的原因。     

燕麦苹果复合果醋发酵工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

以苹果和燕麦为原料,经酒精发酵得到复合果酒,以其为基酒进一步制备燕麦苹果复合果醋,通过单因素和响应面优化燕麦苹果复合果醋的醋酸发酵工艺,并利用2,2'-联氮双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（ABTS）法和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）法评价燕麦苹果复合果醋中黄酮类物质抗氧化活性,采用气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）分析燕麦苹果复合果醋主要黄酮类物质。结果表明,燕麦苹果复合果醋的最佳醋酸发酵条件为醋酸菌接种量7%（V/V）、发酵温度31 ℃、转速170 r/min、初始酒精度9%vol。此优化条件下,果醋的总酸含量可达（7.35±0.04） g/100 mL;其黄酮类物质抗氧化能力值为（100.27±3.53） mgVCE/L,DPPH自由基清除率可达（60.21±1.56）%,有较高的抗氧化活性;燕麦苹果复合果醋主要黄酮类物质为木犀草素、山柰酚及槲皮素。     

几种粗粮抗氧化活性物质的研究进展

总结了近年来国内外对黑米、小米、燕麦和高粱为代表的粗粮抗氧化活性物质的研究进展,介绍了上述粗粮的抗氧化活性成分及功能性评价,以期对粗粮抗氧化功能的进一步研究和相关功能性食品的开发提供参考.     

燕麦油脂中甾醇和多酚的抗氧化活性研究

从燕麦油脂中提取纯化的多酚、甾醇为添加剂,用猪油作为试验油脂,在一定条件下测定它们在猪油中的抗氧化活性,并与TBHQ的抗氧化活性作对比,结果表明:燕麦油脂中甾醇、多酚类物质均具有良好的抗氧化作用,相同条件下多酚的抗氧化能力是甾醇的1.4倍,多酚与甾醇和TBHQ复配使用,使TBHQ抗氧化能力分别提高了9.4%和25%,并且两者与柠檬酸也具有较好的协同抗氧化效应。     

青海青稞、燕麦、藜麦营养品质及抗氧化活性比较研究

摘 要 以青海青稞、燕麦、藜麦3种杂粮为原料,比较分析其营养品质、多酚含量及抗氧化活性之间的差异。结果表明：青稞、燕麦、藜麦的营养品质差异显著（P<0.05）,其中青稞粗纤维（5.86%）及β-葡聚糖（3.61%）含量最高,燕麦抗性淀粉（18.39%）及直链淀粉（23.29%）含量最高,藜麦蛋白质（13.04%）及灰分（2.6%）含量最高。参试青稞、燕麦、藜麦均含有17种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸有7种,燕麦的必需氨基酸含量最高,达529.3 mg/g,青稞达421.6 mg/g,藜麦达513.6 mg/g。酚类物质含量也存在较大差异（P<0.05）,青稞总酚含量最高,达414.55 mg/100g,藜麦次之（393.92 mg/100g）,燕麦最少（230.99 mg/100g）;总黄酮含量顺序依次是燕麦>青稞>藜麦,青稞中黄酮类物质以结合型为主,燕麦和藜麦中黄酮类物质以游离型为主;青稞游离型酚类提取物DPPH?自由基清除能力强于结合型酚类提取物,燕麦、藜麦结合型酚类提取物DPPH?自由基清除能力强于游离型,青稞、燕麦、藜麦游离型酚类提取物均具有较强的ABTS+?自由基清除能力和FRAP?铁还原能力。此结果为高抗氧化活性青稞、燕麦及藜麦的筛选、评价及开发利用提供了参考。     

燕麦发芽过程中酚类物质的变化

对燕麦种子进行发芽实验,并分析酚类物质在发芽过程中的含量、组成及抗氧化活性变化。结果表明：燕麦发芽过程中,酚类物质的含量明显提高,且芽和根中总酚的相对含量高于籽粒;发芽前后不同部位多酚的组成不同,从而导致其抗氧化活性存在差异。抗氧化实验结果显示：原样、6d籽粒、6d芽和6d根的多酚提取物具有较强的还原力(EC50值分别为86.47、61.96、98.54μg/mL和51.98μg/mL)和清除DPPH自由基(IC50值分别为26.90、15.43、30.71μg/mL和21.30μg/mL)及NO2－( IC50值分别为0.653、0.441、1.353mg/mL和0.227mg/mL)的能力,且发芽可以作为一种提高燕麦利用价值的有效手段。     

燕麦中的健康成分有助于防止动脉堵塞

燕麦中含有的酚类抗氧化物质现已发现能防止胆固醇附着在动脉血管壁上，Boston大学的研究人员发现：燕麦中含有的被称作“avenanthramides”的物质能有效抑制粘性分子将血细胞粘贴在血管壁上，从而防止人体血管脉堵塞。     

食用猪油保质的研究进展

综述了人工合成抗氧化剂、天然抗氧化剂、复合型抗氧化剂、微生物抗氧化和物理方法在猪油保质研究中应用的原理和现状。发现人工抗氧化剂效果好,但有一定副作用;大部分天然抗氧化剂效果和稳定性不如人工抗氧化剂,且不易分离;物理方法保存无污染但操作繁琐;使用复合抗氧化剂、微生物抗氧化剂效果好,无副作用,使用方便,是猪油保质研究的发展趋势。     

天然抗氧化剂发展近况

从中草药中天然抗氧化剂的开发、天然抗氧化剂抗氧化效果的评估及其影响因素、天然抗氧化剂之间的相乘作用、天然抗氧化剂对油脂氧化稳定性的促进作用等几方面对天然抗氧化剂的发展近况进行了概述。     

复配抗氧化剂的研究进展

目前,食品工业主要使用人工合成的抗氧化剂,但因人工合成抗氧化剂的安全性受到怀疑,所以人们开始寻找安全高效的复配抗氧化剂。本文综述了复配抗氧化剂的基本成分,主要有天然黄酮类、酚类、活性多糖类、维生素类以及皂苷单宁类等。阐述了抗氧化剂之间的协同作用机理,有修复再生、偶联氧化、吸收氧气、改变酶的活性和络合金属离子五大类,同时,列出了几种常见抗氧化剂的协同作用:茶多酚与VC、VE以及类胡萝卜素的氧化协同作用;维生素之间以及维生素同酚类和酸类物质之间的氧化协同作用等。同时对近年来天然复配抗氧化剂的新产品进行了概览,指出了目前在复配抗氧化剂研究中存在的一些问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望,希望可以为复配抗氧化剂的开发和利用提供参考。     

耐热抗氧化尼龙6切片的制备与性能研究

通过聚合前添加抗氧化剂制备了耐热抗氧化尼龙6切片,研究不同配方抗氧剂对抗氧化性能的影响,其中酚类抗氧剂会在萃取过程中变色,在耐萃取变色方面非对称结构的酚类抗氧剂要好于对称结构的酚类抗氧剂,而通过与抗水解性好的亚磷酸酯抗氧剂复配可得到正常颜色的尼龙6切片,能有效防止高温黄变及力学性能下降,并在后加工时黏度稳定.     

Antioxidants Bound to an Insoluble Food Matrix: Their Analysis,Regeneration Behavior,and Physiological Importance

Dietary antioxidants play an important role in human health by counteracting oxidative stress and preventing chronic diseases. Most common dietary antioxidants in foods are vitamins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, sulfur‐containing compounds, and neoformed antioxidants. Antioxidants may be present in free soluble or bound insoluble forms in foods. Antioxidants bound to insoluble food matrices have gained the spotlight because they exert their antioxidant effects much longer than free soluble ones. A direct procedure called QUENCHER has been shown to accurately measure the antioxidant capacity of antioxidants bound to insoluble matrices. This procedure overcomes the drawbacks of extraction‐dependent classical assays leading to underestimation of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of foods. This review focuses on antioxidants that are found naturally in foods or are formed in foods during processing specifically the antioxidants bound to the insoluble food matrices. The literature gap on the importance of bound antioxidants, their physiological relevance, and methods for measurement of their antioxidant capacity will be filled by this comprehensive review. In particular, chemical properties and health effects of food antioxidants, measurement of the TAC of foods by the QUENCHER method, digestion behavior of bound insoluble antioxidants, and their interactions with free soluble antioxidants are discussed throughout this review.     

THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS IN FOODS: A REVIEW1

Phenolic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and monotertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are hindered phenols with antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants appears to depend on the presence of a hydroxyl group on the molecule, the lipid solubility of the compound and the degree of steric hindrance. The use of phenolic antioxidants in food products is regulated by federal agencies. In general, these compounds are permitted in concentrations up to 200 ppm, based on the fat or oil content of the food product. Certain food products have special regulations. The antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants has been studied in meat and its products, poultry and its products, milk and its products, seafood, rice, applesauce and food ingredients. The antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants is modified by at least 10 factors such as microbial species/strain, stressed microorganisms, type and concentration of phenolic antioxidants, concentration of microbial challenge, combination of phenolic antioxidants, combination of phenolic antioxidants with other antimicrobials, combination of phenolic antioxidants with temperature and food additives, food components, carriers of phenolic antioxidants and the mode of addition of phenolic antioxidants. The antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants in foods has been examined against growth and by-products of bacteria (gram positive and negative, spore and nonspore formers, spoilage and pathogenic), molds and yeasts. The concentration of phenolic antioxidants that had antimicrobial activity in food products was in the range of 30–10,000 ppm. The mechanism of inhibition by phenolic antioxidants has been found to affect the function and composition of the cellular membrane, the synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein and lipid, and the function of the mitochondrion.     

不同抗氧化剂对辐照扒鸡脂肪氧化的影响

本文研究了VC、VE、BHA三种抗氧化剂以及由它们组成的复配抗氧化剂对真空包装辐照扒鸡中脂肪氧化的影响。通过对添加抗氧化剂的辐照扒鸡的过氧化值测定,比较了三种抗氧化剂的抗氧化效果。试验结果表明:添加抗氧化剂可以显著降低辐照扒鸡的过氧化值;单一抗氧化剂以添加0.02%的BHA效果较好;复配抗氧化剂的抗氧化效果优于单一抗氧化剂,复配抗氧化剂以添加0.02%VC、0.01%VE、0.02%BHA效果较好。     

抗氧化剂之间相互作用对食用植物油氧化稳定性影响的研究进展

由于含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸，食用植物油在储存和热加工过程中会发生氧化变质。添加抗氧化剂是提高食用植物油氧化稳定性的有效措施，复配抗氧化剂可以提升抗氧化效果、降低抗氧化剂的成本等，研究发现，复配的抗氧化剂之间存在相互作用。本文综述了抗氧化剂之间相互作用的类型、机理、研究方法以及在食用植物油中应用的研究进展，为抗氧化剂在食用植物油中的深入研究提供参考。     

Antioxidants in bakery products: a review

Fats impart taste and texture to the product but it is susceptible to oxidation leading to the development of rancidity and off-flavor. Since ancient times it has been in practice to use antioxidants in foods. Discovery of synthetic antioxidants has revolutionized the use of antioxidants in food. The effect of these antioxidants in bakery products were reviewed and found to be effective in enhancing the shelf life. Animal experimental studies have shown that some of the synthetic antioxidants had toxigenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. Hence there is an increasing demand for the use of natural antioxidants in foods, especially in bakery products. Some of the natural antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and ascorbic acid were already used in bakery products. These natural antioxidants are found to be effective in enhancing the shelf life of bakery products but not to the extent of synthetic antioxidants. Baking processing steps may lower the antioxidative activity but techniques such as encapsulation of antioxidants can retain their activity. Antioxidative activity of the plant extracts such as garcinia, curcumin, vanillins, and mint were reviewed but studies on their role in bakery products were limited or very few. Hence there is a wide scope for study under this direction in depth.     

稳定煎炸油的天然抗氧化剂及应用效果研究进展

综述了可用于提高煎炸油稳定性的内源性天然抗氧化剂,来自具有独特内源性抗氧化剂植物油,农业加工副产物、香料和药草、水果和浆果的外源性天然抗氧化剂和主体自生的天然抗氧化剂及其这些天然抗氧化剂在棕榈油、菜籽油、大豆油和葵花籽油煎炸中的应用效果,为天然抗氧化剂在煎炸油中的应用提供了有效信息。