产毒葡萄球菌生物学特性的研究

目的：分析研究食物中毒葡萄球菌的生化特性以及产肠毒素与不产肠毒素的金黄色葡萄球菌在性质上的差异。方法：将病人的呕吐物和剩余食品进行分离培养，将纯菌做生化特性试验和毒力试验分析。结果：在病人呕吐物、剩余食品中分离出金黄色葡萄球菌4株（2个生化型），第1生化型对幼兔有强烈致病性，第2生化型则致病性较弱，且前者精氰酸双水解酶阴性，而后者为阳性，其次还分离出家畜葡萄球菌byicas亚种3株，有2株对幼兔有弱致病性，能产生毒力不同的耐热肠毒素。结论：金黄色葡萄球菌和家畜葡萄球菌均能产生耐热肠毒素。     

一起金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素引起食物中毒的调查

目的 :了解导致幼儿园食物中毒原因及研究中毒菌株的生物特性。方法 :按国标方法将呕吐物 ,剩余的食物进行分离培养 ,对菌株进行生化试验和毒力试验。结果 :分离到 2株的金黄色葡萄球菌 ,一株精氨酸双解酶阴性 ,对幼猫致病性较强 ,另一株精氨酸双解酶阳性 ,对幼猫致病性较弱。结论 :金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素导致幼儿园食物中毒发生     

一起金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素致食物中毒的调查

目的　了解导致幼儿园食物中毒原因及研究中毒菌株的生物特性。　方法　按国标方法将呕吐物、剩余的食物进行分离培养 ,用纯菌株进行生化试验和毒力试验。结果　经调查 ,掌握了流行病学资料 ,以及通过试验分离到 2个生化型的金黄色葡萄球菌 ,第 1个精氨酸双解酶阴性 ,对幼猫致病性较强 ,第 2个精氨酸双解酶阳性 ,对幼猫致病性较弱。　结论　金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素导致幼儿园食物中毒发生     

82株不同来源金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的分型检测分析

目的通过对金华市区日常食品标本、医院病人标本中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌进行肠毒素分型检测,比较不同来源分离菌株的肠毒素分布差异。方法实验所用的金黄色葡萄球菌为2012年-2013年金华市区日常食品、医院病人标本中分离的菌株。依据GB 4789-2010采用ELISA方法测定金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(SEA-SEE)。结果 82株金黄色葡萄球菌中检出62株肠毒素阳性,产肠毒素阳性率为75.6%(62/82),产1种肠毒素和同时产2种及以上肠毒素的菌株分别为24株和30株。日常食品中检出金黄色葡萄球菌40株,29株产肠毒素,阳性率为72.5%;医院病人标本中分离出42株金黄色葡萄球菌,33株产肠毒素,阳性率为78.6%。结论金黄色葡萄球菌产肠毒素能力较强,医院病人分离株和日常食品分离株在肠毒素分布上差异无统计学意义。     

一起金黄色葡萄球菌引起食物中毒的实验室检测与病原溯源

目的通过实验室检测查明食物中毒的原因,运用分子分型技术对菌株进行溯源分析。方法根据食品安全国家标准《食品微生物学检验方法》对惠东县1起食物中毒事件中采集的剩余食物、患者呕吐物进行沙门菌、志贺菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌检测和鉴定;采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测菌株肠毒素,并应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对菌株进行分子分型。结果共采集剩余食物10份和患者呕吐物2份,从4份剩余食物和2份呕吐物中均分离出金黄色葡萄球菌;6株菌株经ELISA检测均产A型肠毒素(SEA);PFGE分型结果显示,6株菌株均为同一带型,属同一克隆株。结论该起食物中毒是由产SEA的金黄色葡萄球菌同一克隆株污染食物所引起。     

食品中金黄色葡萄球菌检出率及肠毒素与耐药性分析

目的研究温州市龙湾区6类食品中金黄色葡萄球菌污染状况及产肠毒素特性与耐药性,为防止金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食物中毒及为临床用药提供依据。方法按照《食品微生物学检验》(GB 4789.1—2010)对样品进行金黄色葡萄球菌检测,分离出的菌株用PCR法分析肠毒素基因(SEA~SEE),同时用VITEK2 Compact进行药敏试验。结果在540份食品样品中分离出金黄色葡萄球菌31株,检出率为5.74%,其中肉与肉制品和餐饮食品中检出率较高,分别为11.25%和6.88%。对31株金黄色葡萄球菌进行肠毒素PCR基因检测,检出12株产肠毒素菌株,占38.71%;10株携带SEA,其中2株同时携带SEC,2株携带SEB。31株金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林、青霉素、红霉素和头孢西丁的耐药率为90.32%、87.10%、48.39%和48.39%,并表现出多种耐药谱。结论食品中存在金黄色葡萄球菌污染,尤其在肉与肉制品和餐饮食品中较严重;检出产肠毒素金黄色葡萄球菌的比例较高,应引起足够重视;食品中金黄色葡萄球菌对多种药物耐药,临床治疗应选择敏感药物。     

金黄色葡萄球菌所致食源性疾病分离株的多态性分析

目的对一起食源性疾病的病原学进行检测和分析。方法按照相关卫生检验标准对食源性疾病患者肛拭、呕吐物、剩余食品等26份检材进行致病菌检测,并对所分离的菌株进行随机扩增DNA多态性分析。结果从2名患者肛拭子、吃剩的相关食品中分离到8株产A型肠毒素的金黄色葡萄球菌,其中两份食品直接检出A型肠毒素,RAPD图谱显示8株金黄色葡萄球菌可分成2个基因型。结论结合流行病学调查资料、临床资料、病原学鉴定及随机扩增DNA多态性分析结果,证实该起食源性疾病是由于进食金黄色葡萄球菌污染的食品所致。     

金黄色葡萄球菌食品和病人分离株肠毒素基因和耐药性比较

目的：对金黄色葡萄球菌食品（不含生牛奶）分离株和病人分离株的肠毒素基因进行分型和耐药性检测,比较两种分离菌株的肠毒素基因分布和耐药性差异。方法：用国标方法分离鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌,VITEK32生化验证,PCR检测金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因（肠毒素SEA-SEJ基因）,VITEK32测定分离菌株抗生素的耐药性。结果：从病人分离的80株金黄色葡萄球菌检测到9种基因。肠毒素基因携带率为85.0%,同时携带2种及以上毒素基因的菌株占76.3%,含传统肠毒素基因（SEA-SEE）的菌株占43.8%,有新发现肠毒素基因（SEG-SEJ）的菌株占71.3%。从食品中分离的51株金黄色葡萄球菌检测到7种肠毒素基因。肠毒素基因携带率为68.7%,同时携带2种及以上毒素基因的菌株占21.6%。有SEA基因的占27.5%,含其它传统的毒素基因类型（SEB-SEE）基因的菌株占23.5%,携带新发现的毒素基因SEG、SEH、SEI的菌株只占9.8%。金黄色葡萄球菌病人分离株与食品分离株的耐药谱和耐药率有较大差异。结论：金黄色葡萄球菌食品分离株和病人分离株的肠毒素基因分布不同,其耐药性有明显区别。     

金黄色葡萄球菌食品分离株肠毒素基因及耐药性研究

目的了解2015年2月-2017年9月上海市金黄色葡萄球菌食品分离株肠毒素基因分布规律及耐药情况。方法采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测金黄色葡萄球菌的5种毒力基因sea~see,同时用CLSI推荐的微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验,定量测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果 106株金黄色葡萄球菌食品分离株中有68株检出肠毒素基因,肠毒素基因携带率为64.2%,同时携带2种毒素基因的菌株占7.4%(5/68)。微量肉汤稀释法检出91株金黄色葡萄球菌耐药株,76.9%(70/91)为2重以上的多重耐药菌,呈现21种耐药表型谱,耐药性最强的菌株对6种抗生素产生耐药性。结论上海地区金黄色葡萄球菌食品分离株产肠毒素能力较强且多重耐药性严重,应加强食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的监测,为临床合理使用抗生素和开展食品安全风险评估提供科学依据。     

72株不同来源金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的分布及耐药性分析

目的通过对瑞安市日常食品、公共场所、食物中毒样本中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌进行肠毒素分型和耐药性检测,比较不同来源分离菌株的肠毒素分布和耐药性差异。方法采用ELISA方法测定金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(SEA-SEE),用K-B法测定分离菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 72株金黄色葡萄球菌的肠毒素检出41株,阳性率为56.94%。其中30株产2种及2种以上肠毒素。食物中毒样本、公共场所、日常食品分离株的肠毒素阳性率依次为94.44%、53.33%、33.33%。不同来源样本分离株产肠毒素阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=15.94,P0.05)。72株金黄色葡萄球菌除对左氧氟沙星、万古霉素不耐药外,对其他8种抗菌药物均存在不同程度耐药。结论金黄色葡萄球菌对多数抗菌药物存在不同程度的耐药,临床治疗应建立在体外药敏试验基础上,有针对性地选择抗菌药物。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.