带锁髓内钉与锁定加压接骨板固定胫骨近端骨折的有限元分析

目的评估带锁髓内钉(interlocking intramedullary nail,IIN)与锁定加压接骨板(locking compression plate,LCP)固定胫骨近端骨折的生物力学稳定性,为临床治疗方案的选择提供指导。方法按胫骨近端不同位置模拟骨折将其分成A、B、C三组,使用两种不同内固定物分别对骨折模型进行固定并用有限元法分析胫骨骨折模型及内固定物在500N轴向压缩载荷下的位移和等效应力及分布情况。结果 3组模型中使用IIN固定的胫骨骨折模型及胫骨的最大轴向位移均比使用LCP的小;IIN及其固定的胫骨最大等效应力值均比LCP及固定的胫骨的小。且IIN应力分布较均匀,LCP应力集中在骨板与锁定连接处。结论 IIN抗压缩能力强且固定坚强可靠,应力分布较均匀,抗疲劳性好,其固定胫骨近端骨折稳定性优于LCP。     

内固定与外支架固定治疗复杂性胫骨平台骨折的对比研究

目的比较单纯内固定与有限内固定加外固定支架治疗复杂性胫骨平台骨折的效果及优缺点。方法2002年7月-2006年8月，收治复杂性胫骨平台骨折66例，分成内固定组和外固定支架组。内固定组39例，其中男25例，女14例；年龄18～79岁，平均45．4岁。按照Schatzker分型，Ⅳ型18例，Ⅴ型7例，Ⅵ型14例。外支架固定组27例，其中男18例，女9例；年龄18～64岁，平均44．2岁。按照Schatzker分型，Ⅳ型13例，Ⅴ型6例，Ⅵ型8例。两组一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。按照内固定原则分别采用螺钉、钢板或外固定支架固定进行治疗。结果患者均获随访，随访时间1～5年，骨折均达临床愈合，无骨不连发生。内固定组2例出现局部皮肤感染、坏死，经换药、皮瓣移位后治愈；骨折愈合时间6～14个月，平均7．3个月：内固定取出时间6～15个月，平均8．3个月。外固定支架组11例于术后7d～3个月出现针道流液，局部皮肤发红，3例出现皮肤坏死，3例在随访中发现螺栓松动，经清创、换药、植皮等处理创面愈合；骨折愈合时间为3～11个月，平均5．1个月；拆除外支架时间为5～11个月，平均6．4个月。术后8～14个月，参照Merchant等标准评定膝关节功能，内固定组优29例，良4例，中5例，差1例；外固定支架组优20例，良3例，中2例，差2例；两组膝关节功能比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论单纯内固定与有限内固定加外固定支架治疗复杂性胫骨平台骨折的效果相当，对于SchatzkerⅣ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折，应根据患者受伤情况、骨质条件选择固定材料。     

胫骨下1/3螺旋形骨折合并隐匿性后踝骨折的治疗分析

目的探讨胫骨下1/3螺旋形骨折合并隐匿性后踝骨折的发生原因、受伤机制和治疗方案。方法于2005年2月至2011年6月收治胫骨下1/3螺旋形骨折22例,其中有显性后踝骨折6例。采用胫骨髓内钉固定8例,胫骨下端前侧钢板1例,胫骨前外侧钢板13例;2例腓骨中段骨折采用重建钢板固定,其余腓骨均未固定。结果术中有4例患者在应用前外侧钢板固定最远端时发现隐匿性后踝骨折并移位,1例采用胫骨髓内钉的患者术后1个月复查X线片发现隐匿性后踝骨折伴移位。结论术前没有CT、MRI检查能够确诊后踝骨折类型和大小时,胫骨下端前外侧钢板可作为首选的内固定。     

老年浮膝损伤治疗的回顾分析

目的 :回顾收治的 3 1例老年浮膝损伤 ,探讨手术治疗的必要性和优越性以及膝关节功能恢复状况。方法 :综合考虑浮膝损伤时患者的全身情况 ,3 1例老年患者中 ,2 0例股骨和胫骨骨折 ,一次性切开复位内固定和 (或 )外固定器固定 ,8例行股骨骨折切开复位内固定、胫骨行牵引或石膏托固定 ,另外 3例行股骨小夹板固定、胫骨内固定或外固定器固定。按Karlstrom的标准评定治疗结果。结果 :本组病例除 1例意外身亡外 ,均获随访 6个月～ 4年 ,股骨骨折全部愈合 ,2例胫骨骨折出现延迟愈合 ,均无畸形愈合 ,膝关节功能恢复良好 ,无其他严重并发症。优良率 86.7%。结论 :浮膝损伤是一种重度不稳定骨折 ,尽早给予 1处或 2处骨折手术 ,使其达到稳定 ,可大大减少老年患者的并发症及有利于恢复膝关节功能     

AO技术治疗胫骨平台骨折疗效探讨

目的：探讨AO技术治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效,为临床选择更好的治疗胫骨平台骨折的方法。方法：本组总结胫骨平台骨折46例,男16例,女30例。按AO分类法分类后严格按照AO内固定原则及AO技术和材料进行骨折治疗。结果：46例胫骨平台骨折随访39例。膝关节功能恢复按KDLMERT标准,膝关节功能优良者34例（87．2％）,可、差者5例（12．8％）。结论：我们认为,胫骨平台骨折的AO分类法能综合骨折的受伤机制、骨折类型、骨折治疗及预后来反映骨折的特点,并能指导治疗。移位性平台骨折应扩大手术范围,进行满意复位后采用AO坚强的固定技术重建关节的正常平整关系。术后术后应用静脉泵及早期配合膝关节被动（CPM）练习能够获得满意的治疗结果。     

Arthroscopically assisted treatment for Schatzker type Ⅰ-Ⅴ tibial plateau fractures

Objective： To report the clinical outcome of arthroscopically assisted treatment for tibial plateau fractures.
Methods： A total of 39 patients with tibial plateau fractures were treated by arthroscopic fixation from February 2002 to December 2005, including 11 patients with bony avulsion of the anterior cruciate ligament and 19 with meniscal injury. There were 4 cases of type Ⅰ fracture, 12 type Ⅱ, 9 type Ⅲ, 12 type Ⅳ and 2 type Ⅴ according to Schatzker criteria. Firstly, the combined injuries were treated. Then the plateau fractures with the displacement over 3 mm or more were reduced and fixed. Finally, the internal fixation was observed by X-ray equipment. Postoperative management was early motion and delayed weight bearing.
Results： All the fractures healed in 3 or 4 months. All patients were followed up for 1 to 5 years after operation.No case had severe complications, such as poor wound healing, infection, osteofascial compartment syndrome and osteoarthfitis. According to the Rasmussen scoring system, 36 cases obtained excellent or good results and the other 3 cases had moderate clinical results. The average score was 26 ± 3.
Conclusions： As an adjuvant treatment of intraarticular fractures such as tibial plateau fracture, arthroscopy has many advantages. It can treat associated intraarticular soft tissue components, visualize the chondral surface reduction, lavage the hematoma and smaller loose fragments, decrease soft tissue dissection, reduce the risk of scarring and promote rapid recovery.     

扩髓灌洗联合抗生素骨水泥涂层髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨骨折髓内钉内固定术后感染

目的探讨扩髓灌洗并更换成含抗生素骨水泥涂层髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨骨折髓内钉内固定术后感染的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012-06—2018-12诊治的10例胫骨骨折髓内钉内固定术后感染,术中扩大髓腔进行髓腔灌洗、彻底清创,然后更换成含抗生素骨水泥涂层髓内钉一期内固定胫骨骨折。3例经窦道清创切除感染骨后用抗生素骨水泥填充骨缺损,8周后取出骨水泥并行自体松质骨颗粒植骨。结果 10例术后均获得随访,随访时间平均28(12~48)个月。所有患者术后感染均未复发,未再次骨折。7例无骨缺损者胫骨骨折愈合时间平均5(4.0~5.5)个月。3例骨缺损取自体髂骨植骨者骨折愈合时间分别为4、5、6个月,平均5个月。3例术后1年内出现髌前疼痛,经康复治疗后痊愈。结论扩髓灌洗并更换成含抗生素骨水泥涂层髓内钉内固定是胫骨骨折髓内钉内固定术后感染的有效治疗方法,治疗周期短,感染治愈率高,同时还有利于骨折愈合。     

儿童胫骨前嵴撕脱骨折手术治疗

目的　讨论儿童胫骨前嵴撕脱骨折的手术指征。方法　采用切开复位钢丝内固定术治疗15例儿童单纯性胫骨前嵴撕脱骨折 ,对 11例膝关节功能及影像学检查进行 2～ 12年的随访。结果　11例均能参加外伤前的各项活动 ,膝关节功能恢复满意 ,优 9例 ,良 2例。结论　胫骨前嵴撕脱骨折是关节内骨折 ,移位 >2mm需切开复位及内固定。膝关节稳定性和功能的恢复 ,与骨折良好复位及维持有关     

带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨、肱骨骨折

目的：带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨、肱骨骨折临床应用研究。方法：共实施手术106例，随访7个月以上90例。结果：1例骨折不愈合，其余89例骨折均愈合。关节功能恢复良好，并发症：主钉断裂1例，近端锁钉断裂1例，远端锁钉断裂1例，术中再骨折1例，伤口感染2例，均未影响骨折愈合及功能恢复。结论：带锁髓内固定牢固，防止骨折端旋转，分离移位，术后不需外固定支持，早期负重，骨折愈合率高，手术失败率低，是一种比较理想的内固定方法。     

应用扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨不稳定性骨折

目的 探讨扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨不稳定性骨折的治疗效果。方法 对42例胫骨不稳定性骨折患行扩髓交锁髓内钉固定，闭合性骨折22例，开放性骨折20例，均应用静力性固定。结果 平均随访时间12个月，采用Johner—Wruh评分标准，治疗结果：优32例，良8例，一般2例。骨折平均愈合时间：闭合性骨折15周，开放性骨折19周，3例延迟愈合，无深部感染、骨髓炎、畸形愈合及骨不连发生。结论 扩髓交锁髓内钉是治疗胫骨不稳定性骨折较理想的方法，可促进骨折愈合，并发症少。     

Two-ring hybrid external fixation of distal tibial fractures: a review of 47 cases

BACKGROUND: The healing of a metaphyseal fracture line is a major problem in cases of distal tibial fracture treated with external fixation. METHODS: Forty-seven distal tibial fractures treated with two-ring Ilizarov hybrid external fixation (16 AO/OTA type A and 31 type C, 10 open) were followed up. Fracture reduction and union time was evaluated and IOWA and RAND 36-Item Health Survey scores were used to assess functional outcome. RESULTS: Thirty-five fractures united uneventfully in a median time of 20 weeks, but 12 fractures needed additional procedures because of delayed union. According to univariate analysis, the risk factors for a longer time needed for fracture union were translational displacement and current smoking, and the risk factors for reoperation because of delayed union translational displacement fibular fracture fixation, and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. In multivariate analysis, translational displacement was a risk factor for both longer time to fracture union and reoperation and fibular fracture fixation was a risk factor for reoperation. If the translational displacement was less than 3 mm, the reoperation rate was 6%, whereas if the displacement was more than 3 mm, it was 83%. Reoperation was performed on 50% of the patients who underwent fibular fixation and on 15% of the patients who did not undergo fibular fixation. There were only marginal decreases in the range of motion and arthritis scores in the AO/OTA fracture types other than type C3. There were no significant differences in RAND 36 scores between the general Finnish population aged 18 to 64 years and our patients. CONCLUSIONS: Hybrid external fixation of distal tibial fractures is associated with delayed union, which is closely related to the degree of residual translational displacement after reduction. Fixation of an associated fibular fracture does not help to achieve better contact in the tibial fracture and increases the risk of delayed union.     

采用闭合复位经皮空心拉力螺钉固定治疗儿童闭合性胫骨干骨折的疗效观察

目的观察和评估闭合复位经皮空心拉力螺钉内固定治疗儿童胫骨干骨折的疗效。方法2015年1月至2018年12月,福建泉州市正骨医院小儿骨科采用闭合复位经皮空心拉力螺钉内固定治疗闭合性胫骨干骨折的患儿64例;男50例,女14例;平均年龄7.5(5~13)岁。依据Johner和Wruhs的字母数字组合分类法对单纯斜形或螺旋形胫骨干骨折进行分型A1型23例,A2型41例;其中单纯胫骨干骨折41例,合并腓骨骨折23例;全部病例均为闭合性骨折。根据手术护理单及麻醉单,记录手术时间及术中出血量,术后随访观察骨折愈合、患肢功能恢复及并发症发生的情况。结果本组平均手术时间为60.4(30~90)min;平均术中出血量为6.4(5~10)ml。患儿均获得随访,平均随访时间为6.2(4~13)个月;骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间为11.3(8~16)周。末次随访时,依据Johner-Wruhs评定标准对疗效进行评定优58例,良3例。术后2例出现皮下钉尾激惹症状。骨折愈合后取出螺钉症状消失。均无切口感染、再移位、空心螺钉断裂及跛行的并发症出现。结论闭合复位经皮拉力空心螺钉固定治疗儿童斜形或螺旋形胫骨干骨折,具有骨折愈合好、固定牢靠、术中出血少及术后并发症少的优点,有利于患肢功能恢复,安全可靠。     

内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的临床分析

目的 探讨胫骨平台骨折内固定治疗的临床效果.方法 胫骨平台骨折11例(Schatzker分型:Ⅲ型1例,V型3例,Ⅵ型7例),均采用切开复位内固定治疗,骨缺损者同时予以植骨.结果 11例患者术后随访6个月至4年(平均1.7年).按Hohl评分标准,优3例、良5例、可2例、差1例,优良率达72.73％.术后并发创伤性关节炎2例,关节强直1例.结论 手术内固定是治疗胫骨平台骨折的有效方法,术后并发症的发生与骨折的严重程度密切相关.保护好骨折段的生物学环境、术中解剖复位并牢固内固定,以及术后早期适当功能锻炼能提高手术疗效.     

扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨干骨折不愈合、延迟愈合

目的　总结使用扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨干骨骨折不愈合、延迟愈合的临床经验。方法　回顾自 1999年 4月～2 0 0 1年 6月使用扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干、胫骨干骨折不愈合、延迟愈合病人 2 1例 ,其中股骨 8例 ,胫骨 13例 ,钢板固定术后 ,股骨 3例 ,胫骨 6例。普通髓内针股骨 5例。外固定架胫骨 2例。石膏固定胫骨 3例 ,骨牵引股骨 2例。均采用有限切口切开复位顺行扩髓 ,静力锁定加植骨术。结果　随访半年以上 18例 ,骨折均愈合 ,临近关节功能达正常。无感染、断钉等并发症。结论　采用有限切口切开复位、扩髓、静力锁定治疗股骨、胫骨干骨折不愈合、延迟愈合 ,具有骨折稳定性可靠、有利于骨折愈合和早期关节活动的优点 ,是治疗股骨、胫骨干骨折不愈合、延迟愈合的有效方法之一。     

胫骨平台骨折的手术治疗策略

目的探讨胫骨平台骨折外科治疗的思路和手术方法的选择。方法自2000年6月～2003年9月共收治胫骨平台骨折207例(陈旧性损伤不统计在内),男129例,女78例,共212个胫骨平台骨折(5例为双侧骨折)。闭合性损伤165侧,开放性损伤47侧。按Schatzker分类并予以分别行非手术治疗19例、单髁空心螺钉固定24例、单侧植骨并高尔夫钢板螺钉固定116例、切开复位植骨双侧高尔夫钢板螺钉固定37例、经皮间接复位钢板内固定11例。结果根据Hohl膝关节功能平分法进行综合平分：优149例,良29例,可20例,差16例。结论根据胫骨平台骨折的特点而选择不同的手术方法,在首先保护骨折部血运的情况下,对胫骨平台进行解剖复位并予以适当的内固定,以及手术后积极的无负重下膝关节功能训练是获得良好手术效果的关键。     

Effect of fibular plate fixation on rotational stability of simulated distal tibial fractures treated with intramedullary nailing

BACKGROUND: The effect of an intact fibula on rotational stability after a distal tibial fracture has, to the best of our knowledge, not been clearly defined. We designed a cadaver study to clarify our clinical impression that fixation of the fibula with a plate increases rotational stability of distal tibial fractures fixed with a Russell-Taylor intramedullary nail. METHODS: Seven matched pairs of embalmed human cadaveric legs and sixteen fresh-frozen human cadaveric legs, including one matched pair, were tested. To simulate fractures, 5-mm transverse segmental defects were created at the same level in the tibia and fibula, 7 cm proximal to the ankle joint in each bone. The tibia was stabilized with a 9-mm Russell-Taylor intramedullary nail that was statically locked with two proximal and two distal screws. Each specimen was tested without fibular fixation as well as with fibular fixation with a six-hole semitubular plate. A biaxial mechanical testing machine was used in torque control mode with an initial axial load of 53 to 71 N applied to the tibial condyle. Angular displacement was measured in 0.56-N-m torque increments to a maximal torque of 4.52 N-m (40 in-lb). RESULTS: Initially, significantly less displacement (p < or = 0.05) was produced in the specimens with fibular plate fixation than in those without fibular plate fixation. The difference in angular displacement between the specimens treated with and without plate fixation was established at the first torque data point measured but did not increase as the torque was increased. No significant difference in the rotational stiffness was found between the specimens treated with and without plate fixation after measurement of the second torque data point (between 1.68 and 4.48 N-m). CONCLUSIONS: Fibular plate fixation increased the initial rotational stability after distal tibial fracture compared with that provided by tibial intramedullary nailing alone. However, there was no difference in rotational structural stiffness between the specimens treated with and without plate fixation as applied torque was increased.     

轴向叩击应力对内固定和外固定治疗胫骨骨折影响的有限元分析

目的 评价钢板内固定与外固定架固定两种固定方式治疗胫骨横行骨折的最佳叩击理论参数。方法 对成年健康雌性山羊胫骨进行薄层CT扫描,所获图像分别通过Mimics软件、Abaqus软件建立胫骨横行骨折内固定和外固定三维有限元实验模型。固定胫骨近端,胫骨远端则施加轴向应力,频率分别为0.5 Hz、1 Hz、1.5 Hz、2 Hz、2.5 Hz、3 Hz,载荷分别为100 N、150 N、200 N、250 N、300 N,参数两两组合后采用迭代运算,模拟骨折愈合微观变化特征及骨折愈合情况,观察胫骨骨折愈合过程中愈合组织内应变、应力及位移,内固定和外固定所承受应力、变形,骨痂转化过程及愈合模式图。结果 成功获得山羊胫骨横行骨折内固定和外固定愈合组织转化过程中内应变、应力、位移、固定物所承受应力、变形云图及骨折愈合模式图。组合参数为200 N、1 Hz时,胫骨骨折在内固定和外固定方式下骨折愈合所需时间均最短。结论 200 N、1 Hz组合参数为山羊胫骨横行骨折内固定和外固定骨折愈合的最佳理论参数,为临床试验最佳应力刺激促进胫骨骨折愈合提供了理论依据。     

关节镜及C臂监视下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜及C臂X光线机监视下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折的手术方法及近期疗效。方法胫骨平台骨折患者23例,均在关节镜及C臂监视下小切口复位骨折,行螺钉钢板内固定,术中不切开关节囊,并用关节镜同时处理合并的半月板损伤6例,另有交叉韧带损伤的2例留待二期行重建术。结果所有骨折均解剖复位,3~5个月内愈合,未出现感染、切口愈合不良和骨筋膜室综合征等早期并发症。23例均获随访,时间6~24个月,无骨折端移位、塌陷、内固定松动断裂,无创伤性膝关节炎和膝关节内外翻畸形。按Hohl-Luck膝关节评分评定疗效,优18例,良4例,可1例。结论关节镜及C臂监视下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折具有创伤小,复位固定满意,可同时处理关节内合并伤,术后关节功能恢复快的优点。     

Displaced malleolar fractures associated with spiral fractures of the tibial shaft

A displaced fracture of the lateral malleolus, of the posterior tibial margin (posterior malleolus), or of both requiring open reduction and internal fixation was observed in association with ipsilateral spiral tibial shaft fracture in five patients. The malleolus fracture components all were managed using AO (ASIF) instrumentation. The tibial shaft fracture was treated nonoperatively in three patients and with interfragmentary screw fixation in two with more severe initial displacement. The bony healing of all fractures was uneventful. These combined injuries amounted to 0.9% of all admitted tibial shaft fractures and 3.9% of those with spiral configuration. An associated displaced malleolar fracture in tibial shaft fractures, sometimes even indiscernible in the anteroposterior view, may be overlooked unless roentgenograms are focused on the ankle joint. Examination of the joints above and below the fracture is of particular importance in clinics advocating functional treatment of tibial shaft fractures.     

双钢板治疗胫骨平台严重粉碎性骨折的体会

目的探讨特殊类型的胫骨平台严重粉碎性骨折的治疗方法。方法对胫骨平台骨折中按Sehatzke分类的（V型、Ⅵ型）骨折行双钢板固定：我科在2000年1月至2007年12月：（1）先用克氏针或尖端复位钳临时将平台的各骨块固定;（2）将塌陷的平台复位,用松质骨将平台骨缺损处填充紧密;（3）用克氏针或尖端复位钳再将平台与骨干固定;（4）用两板钢板行胫骨平台内外侧固定。（5）胫骨结节撕脱的平台骨折复位后应固定或修补胫骨结节及髌韧带。结果本组18例骨折术后即开始功能活动,3例用石膏托固定4周后开始活动,随访0．5年-6年,未发生骨不连,其中2例术后切口感染,优良率达90．5％。结论应用双钢板内固定治疗特殊类型的胫骨平台粉碎骨折,固定可靠,且术后可早期进行功能活动,减轻了伤后关节功能受限的程度,同时早期功能活动能增加骨折面的应力,防止骨质疏松,促进骨愈合。