石墨化温度对炭纤维微观结构及其力学性能的影响

以通用型PAN基炭纤维为原材料，通过1800℃～3000℃连续高温石墨化处理，制备了不同性能的炭(石墨)纤维；采用SEM、XRD、RAMAN、元素分析仪、万能材料测试机等分析手段研究了石墨化温度对炭(石墨)纤维微观结构、元素含量、表面形态及其力学性能的影响。实验表明：随着热处理温度的提高，炭纤维中非碳元素(氮、氢)的含量逐渐减少而碳元素质量分数却从92．62％增加到99．99％；纤维的微观结构也从二维乱层石墨结构向有序的三维层状结构发展，表现为石墨晶体层间距d。随处理温度的提升逐渐减小、d100和d110与La和Lc不断增大，纤维抗拉强度呈下降趋势、弹性模量呈上升趋势。     

热处理温度对聚酰亚胺基炭纤维结构性能影响

以聚酰亚胺(PI)纤维为前驱体,经800~2800℃连续高温处理,制备出不同性能的聚酰亚胺基炭(石墨)纤维。采用元素分析、SEM、HR-TEM、Raman、纤维强力仪、电阻率仪等分析手段研究热处理温度对炭纤维(CF)元素含量、结构形貌、力学性能、传导性能等方面的影响。结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高,聚酰亚胺基炭纤维中碳含量从78.97%(800℃)提高到99.72%(2 800℃),非碳原子含量降低;聚酰亚胺基炭纤维表面缺陷数目增加且尺寸增大。同时,纤维的微观结构也从二维乱层石墨结构向有序的三维层状结构发展,表现为石墨化程度的提高及石墨微晶尺寸的增大;炭纤维拉伸强度先增加后降低,最大拉伸强度924.4 MPa,断裂伸长率降低,电阻率减小,热导率增加,2 800℃石墨化处理后纤维热导率为228.4 W·m-1·K-1,是800℃处理后的50.4倍。     

高温处理对中间相沥青基炭纤维结构与热导率的影响（英文）

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱仪(Raman)及X射线衍射仪(XRD)考察了中间相沥青基炭纤维在不同热处理温度下的结构及形貌变化,并采用3ω法对经不同温度处理后的纤维热导率进行了表征。结果表明,中间相沥青基炭纤维的石墨化度与热导率随着热处理温度的升高而增大,经3000℃处理后纤维的热导率最高可达518W/m·K。此外,还探讨了中间相沥青基炭纤维结构、热导率及热处理温度之间的相互关系,发现中间相沥青炭纤维的石墨化过程存在3个阶段,在不同温度区间内分别对应石墨微晶的生长和取向。     

高温热处理对炭纤维性能的影响

炭纤维的表面微观形态对其力学性能有很大影响。选择国产和日本东邦公司的炭纤维,对其进行高温热处理（1800℃－2500℃）,研究了热处理温度对炭纤维力学性能、密度的影响。用SEM观察了热处理前后炭纤维的表面微观形态变化,讨论了表面缺陷产生的原因。     

高频感应加热制备PAN基高模量炭纤维的研究

采用高频感应快速加热连续石墨化装置，制备ＰＡＮ基高模量炭纤维（ＨＭＣＦ）。结果表明，此法可以制备高模量炭纤维。当原料纤维抗拉强度在３．５ＧＰａ，模量在２３０ＧＰａ以下时，采用石墨化温度为２６００℃，可以得到与由传统石墨化炉相类似的结果。并对炭纤维的力学性能和结构参数进行了研究。     

株洲晨昕中高频设备有限公司

高温石墨化炉●用于3000℃以内的超高温炉,用于各种炭材料的碳化和石墨化实验、中试生产碳素材料的碳化,石墨化;炭纤维灯丝的定型石墨化及其它可在碳环境下烧结和熔炼的材料。●常用于处理电池材料、石墨改性,制备高模量纤维等。使用温度:最高3000℃,常用2800℃恒温区:立式D200×350mm;卧式D110×900mm     

聚丙烯腈凝胶纤维渗硼对炭纤维的石墨化过程的影响

对聚丙烯腈凝胶纤维进行渗硼处理所制炭纤维在1600～2400℃进行石墨化热处理,利用电感耦合等离子体光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、X射线衍射仪和万能力学测试机对石墨纤维进行表征,研究了硼对其结构及性能的影响。结果表明,在石墨化温度范围内,随着温度的升高,炭纤维中的硼含量逐渐降低。硼在石墨化过程中以取代的方式进入到碳网内并在其中进行扩散,但因炭纤维中硼含量较低,其并未对微晶尺寸的生长产生影响,而明显提高了取向度,导致炭纤维的杨氏模量提高的同时,其拉升强度的降幅也显著降低。在达到相同模量的情况下,含硼炭纤维的石墨化温度可降低200℃。     

高温石墨化炉

●用于3000℃以内的超高温炉,用于各种炭材料的碳化和石墨化实验、中试生产碳素材料的碳化,石墨化;炭纤维灯丝的定型石墨化及其它可在碳环境下烧结和熔炼的材料。●常用于处理电池材料、石墨改性,制备高模量纤维等。使用温度:最高3000℃,常用2800℃     

热处理温度对PAN基炭纤维结构的影响

利用SEM观察了3种PAN基炭纤维（TX－63、T300、T700）热处理前和经不同温度热处理后的表面形貌，并测试了其石墨化度、Lc和d002值，以研究热处理温度对炭纤维表面和内部微观结构的影响。结果表明：TX－3、T300炭纤维表面本身有不规则沟槽、凸起和缺陷等，T700炭纤维表面比较圆滑，随着热处理温度升高，PAN基炭纤维的表面形貌发生明显的变化，尤其是2700℃处理后炭纤维表面的褶皱相对较浅而小；石墨化度与Lc随热处理温度升高而增大，d002值则呈减小趋势，说明热处理温度对炭纤维的表面和内部结构有显著影响。     

牵伸对石墨纤维结构和力学性能的影响

以一种典型国产碳纤维为原材料,借助XRD、密度梯度仪和力学测试研究了不同石墨化温度2100℃、2300℃下,不同的牵伸率对聚丙烯腈基(PAN)石墨纤维结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明:在一定的石墨化温度下,随着牵伸率的增大,碳纤维的体密度、弹性模量和抗拉强度均增大。同时,石墨微晶尺寸(Lc、La)与取向度均随其热牵伸比的增加而增大。此外,在同一牵伸比条件下,随热处理温度的升高,弹性模量增加,抗拉强度下降,石墨微晶尺寸(Lc、La)与取向度均随热处理温度的升高而增大。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.