Bloodletting Puncture at Hand Twelve Jing-Well Points Relieves Brain Edema after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats via Inhibiting MAPK Signaling Pathway

Objective:To investigate whether blood-brain barrier(BBB)served a key role in the edema-relief effect of bloodletting puncture at hand twelve Jing-well points(HTWP)in traumatic brain injury(TBI)and the potential molecular signaling pathways.Methods:Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to the shamoperated(sham),TBI,and bloodletting puncture(bloodletting)groups(n=24 per group)using a randomized number table.The TBI model rats were induced by cortical contusion and then bloodletting puncture were performed at HTWP twice a day for 2 days.The neurological function and cerebral edema were evaluated by modified neurological severity score(mNSS),cerebral water content,magnetic resonance imaging and hematoxylin and eosin staining.Cerebral blood flow was measured by laser speckles.The protein levels of aquaporin 4(AQP4),matrix metalloproteinases 9(MMP9)and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway(MAPK)signaling were detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot.Results:Compared with TBI group,bloodletting puncture improved neurological function at 24 and 48 h,alleviated cerebral edema at 48 h,and reduced the permeability of BBB induced by TBI(all P<0.05).The AQP4 and MMP9 which would disrupt the integrity of BBB were downregulated by bloodletting puncture(P<0.05 or P<0.01).In addition,the extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)and p38 signaling pathways were inhibited by bloodletting puncture(P<0.05).Conclusions:Bloodletting puncture at HTWP might play a significant role in protecting BBB through regulating the expressions of MMP9 and AQP4 as well as corresponding regulatory upstream ERK and p38 signaling pathways.Therefore,bloodletting puncture at HTWP may be a promising therapeutic strategy for TBI-induced cerebral edema.     

如何学好药理学

药理学是研究药物与机体相互作用、作用机制及规律的科学,是连接基础医学与临床医学、医学与药学的一门重要课程.许多学生在初次学习药理学时,认为药理学不好学,内容复杂、抽象,药物种类较多,抓不住重点,难以记忆,不知道怎样学习药理学,现就这些问题谈谈学习药理学的方法.     

昆虫抗冻蛋白及其在医学领域中的应用

抗冻蛋白(antifreeze protein,AFP)是一类结构多样的蛋白质,具有热滞效应(thermal hysteresis,TH,降低冰点而不改变熔点)和重结晶抑制效应(recrystalization inhabition,RI).通过非共价吸附抑制机制吸附到冰核表面,限制冰晶生长和抑制冰晶重结晶,从而保护有机体免受结冰引起的伤害.由于抗冻蛋白具有阻止冰晶生长而不破坏细胞的特点,因而利用抗冻蛋白在低温中长期保存各种细胞、组织和器官,特别在器官移植中可能具有很好的应用前景.     

Sternal Reconstruction of Deep Sternal Wound Infections Following Median Sternotomy by Single-stage Muscle Flaps Transposition

Objective To assess clinical effectiveness of using bilateral pectoralis major or plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps in treating deep sternal wound infection （DSWI） following median sternotomy. Methods Between January 2009 and December 2013, 19 patients with DSWI after median sternotomy for cardiac surgery were admitted to our hospital, including 14 males （73.7%） and 5 females （26.3%）, aged 55±13 （18-78） years. According to the Pairolero classification of infected median sternotomies, 3 （15.8%） patients were type II, and the other 16 （84.2%） were type III. Surgical procedure consisted of adequate debridement of infected sternum, costal cartilage, granulation, steel wires, suture residues and other foreign substances. Sternal reconstruction used the bilateral pectoralis major or plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps to obliterate dead space. The drainage tubes were placed and connected to a negative pressure generator for adequate drainage. Results There were no intraoperative deaths. In 15 patients （78.9%）, bilateral pectoral muscle flaps were mobilized sufficiently to cover and stabilize the defect created by wound debridement. 4 patients （21.0%） needed bilateral pectoral muscle flaps plus rectus abdominis muscle flaps because their pectoralis major muscle flaps could not reach the lowest portion of the wound. 2 patients （10.5%） presented with subcutaneous infection, and 3 patients （15.8%） had hematoma. They recovered following local debridement and medication. 17 patients （89.5%） were examined at follow-up 12 months later, all healed and having stable sternum. No patients showed infection recurrence during the follow-up period over 12 months. Conclusion DSWI following median sternotomy may be effectively managed with adequate debridement of infected tissues and reconstruction with bilateral pectoralis major muscle or plus rectus abdominis muscle flap transposition.     

对症喝汤好处多

夏季多喝汤不仅能调节口味,补充体液,增强食欲,而且能防病抗病,对健康有益. 日常人们常喝的汤有荤、素两大类.荤汤有鸡汤、肉汤、骨头汤、鱼汤、蛋花汤等,素汤有海带汤、豆腐汤、紫菜汤、番茄汤、冬瓜汤和米汤等.无论是荤汤还是素汤,都应根据各人的喜好与口味来选料烹制,加之"对症喝汤",就可达到抗衰治病、清热解毒的"汤疗"效果.     

植皮区域局限性皮肤松弛症1例

病人,女,81岁.40年前在工作时双上肢不慎被火烧伤,当年在大连化工厂医院烧伤科给予取自体腹部皮肤行前臂植皮术,术后植皮区域皮肤成活修复良好.4年前无明显诱因双侧前臂植皮区域肤色逐渐变深,无意中发现皮肤明显松弛,无不适感.近3个月自觉植皮区域疼痛不适,局部无红肿等,轻微牵拉皮肤时疼痛明显.自发病起4年皮损未见扩大.患者既往体健,否认家族有类似病患者.     

POCT的信息管理

POCT是在医疗条件下,由非实验室的卫生保健人员,在实验室的质控指导下,于病人身边进行的检验。它广泛适用于医院(如外科,儿科)、监护病房、急救单位、保险公司、社区医疗、家庭保健网络等领域。当今,POCT在全球方兴未艾,据调查,现今已有10%的诊断实验是在POCT仪器上完成的,究其原因,无非是POCT兼具医学上的有效性及经济两个方面的优势。当然,随着POCT设备的投放不断增加,使用范围不断拓展,POCT的管理问题也日益凸现,本文将对POCT实施中的信息管理的若干问题进行初步探讨。     

第16届欧洲呼吸学会年会会议纪要

第16届欧洲呼吸学会年会(The European Respiratory Society 16th Annual Congress)于2006年9月1日～6日在德国慕尼黑市国际会议中心(ICM)召开,来自100多个国家和地区的16 888名代表参加了会议,大会共收到论文5277篇,接收论文4221篇,其中来自中国(包括香港、澳门和台湾)84篇(图1).现将会议内容扼要介绍如下.     

维生素B1和维生素B12肌注致过敏性休克1例报告

1 临床资料 患者,男,23岁,因左下肢疼痛20 d来医院就诊.询问病史:患者2 d前在上级医院诊断为坐骨神经痛.既往健康,无药物过敏史.门诊当日给予维生素B1 100 mg,维生素B12 250靏肌注,用药约5 min时患者感到头晕、胸闷、呼吸困难、寒战,面色苍白,脉搏105次·min-1,血压80/50 mmHg,考虑为药物所致过敏性休克,立即给予平卧,氧气吸入,肾上腺素1 mg肌注,地塞米松10 mg静注,5 min后患者恢复正常.     

连续性肾脏替代治疗肾功能衰竭的疗效分析

目的 :回顾分析 2 0 0 3年 1月至 1 2月间 2 1例行CRRT病例的诊治方法及疗效。方法 :2 1例中急性肾衰 9例 ,慢性肾衰 8例 ,败血症 2例 ,肝肾综合症 1例 ,顽固性心衰 1例 ,均有不同程度的其他器官功能损害。应用DiapactCRRT治疗仪及配套管路 ,滤器为NIPS - 1 2 (Braun)或FB - 1 5 0A(NI POR) ,置换液为碳酸氢盐液 ,透析液为乳酸盐液 ,前稀释法输入 ,分组抗凝。结果 :CRRT治疗中 2例死亡 ,其余全部存活 ,存活组中治疗前血钾 ,肌酐 ,尿素氮分别为 (6 .1± 0 .5 )mmol/L ,(86 0 .5± 5 0 .2 )umol/L ,(2 6 .5± 4 .7)mmol/L ,治疗后血钾 ,肌酐 ,尿素氮分别为 (4 .0± 0 .4 )mmol/L ,(99.0± 2 1 .7)umol/L ,(7.2± 2 .5 )mmol/L。伴感染的 8例中 ,WBC治疗前为 (1 4 .8± 2 .5 )× 1 0 9,治疗后为 (8.3± 1 .8)× 1 0 9,1例顽固性心衰肺动脉高压 ,肺淤血明显改善。结论 :CRRT血流动力学稳定 ,能有效清除炎症介质 ,改善机体状态 ,作为危重疾病的重要治疗手段 ,具有广泛的应用前景     

肾移植术后BK病毒肾病

随着免疫抑制剂的发展，肾移植术后发生感染的风险在逐渐提高。肾移植术后移植肾BK病毒肾病（BKVAN）是导致移植肾失功的重要原因。本文从BKV病毒学、流行病学、治病的高危因素、致病机理及BKVAN的临床特点、诊断及治疗等方面对本病加以综述。     

肾窦内肾盂及肾后唇实质弧形切开取石术与肾盂肾实质切开取石术治疗复杂性鹿角形肾结石的比较

目的 探讨肾窦内肾盂及肾后唇实质弧形切开取石术与肾盂肾实质切开取石术治疗复杂性鹿角形肾结石的效果.方法 将65例复杂性鹿角形肾结石患者,随机分成两组,34例采用肾窦内肾盂及肾后唇实质弧形切开取石术(观察组),31例采用肾盂肾实质切开取石术(对照组).观察血BUN、Scr、胱抑素C(Cystatin C,CysC)、β2-MG和尿β2-MG手术前后变化,手术时间、出血量、输血率、结石清除率、发生的并发症进行比较.结果 两组术前、术后血BUN、Scr、CysC、β2-MG、尿β2-MG相比差异无显著性(P＞0.05),出血量、输血率、并发症相比亦差异无显著性(P＞0.05),而手术时间、结石清除率相比差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 肾窦内肾盂及肾后唇实质弧形切开取石术治疗复杂性鹿角形肾结石安全、结石清除率高,目前仍值得推广.     

标化的肾肿瘤患者肾体积与肾功能的相关性

目的:在肾肿瘤患者增强CT(computed tomography)图像上,探讨体表面积(body surface area,BSA)标化后的肾体积与肾功能的相关性?方法:34例肾肿瘤患者于术前1周内均行中腹部增强CT扫描及核素肾动态显像检查?基于动脉期图像测量剔除肿瘤后残余双肾体积,包括肾皮质体积(renal cortical volume,RCV)和肾髓质体积(renal medullary volume,RMV)?肾实质体积(renal parenchymal volume,RPV)为RCV与RMV两者之和?以核素肾动态显像测定的肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)为参照标准,将RPV?RCV和BSA标化后的RPV(RPVBSA=RPV/BSA)?RCV(RCVBSA=RCV/BSA)与GFR分别行相关性分析?结果:RPV和RCV与GFR呈中度正相关,r值分别为0.474(P = 0.005)和0.448(P = 0.008);RPVBSA和RCVBSA与GFR呈中高度正相关,r值分别为0.659(P < 0.001)和0.627(P < 0.001)?结论:基于增强CT动脉期图像测量的RPV和RCV可以反映肾功能,RPVBSA和RCVBSA能更好地对肾肿瘤患者术前肾功能进行评估?     

肾窦内肾盂联合肾后下段切开治疗巨大鹿角形肾结石

目的探讨提高治疗巨大鹿角形肾结石疗效的手术方法。方法对48例巨大鹿角形肾结石患者采用肾窦内肾盂联合肾后下段切开取石术的临床资料进行总结。结果手术平均耗时180min,不需阻断肾蒂,术中平均出血300ml,巨大鹿角形肾结石全部取尽。术后2~3月复查KUB或B超,3例患者发现残余结石,直径平均<0·6cm。结论该术式依据肾动脉及其分支的解剖为基础,肾损伤小,出血少,暴露良好,易取尽结石,对巨大鹿角形肾结石疗效较好。     

肾动脉栓塞术治疗肾出血的临床应用

目的探讨血管栓塞术在肾出血治疗中的临床作用和价值。方法分析51例(包括肾癌29例,肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤4例,经皮肾碎石取石术后肾血管损伤8例,肾部分切除术后出血2例,外伤性肾出血8例)患者行血管栓塞术治疗肾出血的资料,总结血管栓塞术的疗效和操作中注意点。结果 51例患者经血管造影均明确了出血部位、程度、性质及其相应出血血管;其中1例经右肱动脉入路进行栓塞治疗;所有病例栓塞后4~48小时内出血逐渐停止。结论血管栓塞治疗肾出血创伤小、短期疗效显著,是一种安全有效的止血手段。