MoSi2对尖晶石制品烧结性能的影响

在尖晶石材料中分别加入3%、5%和10%的MoSi2细粉,分别在1000℃、1200℃、1500℃下烧成,研究了MoSi2对尖晶石材料烧结性能的影响.结果表明(1)在不合镁砂细粉的尖晶石试样中,添加剂MoSi2易发生氧化,生成膨胀系数较大的MoO3,试样容易破碎;(2)同时添加MoSi2和镁砂细粉的尖晶石试样能在较低温度下开始烧结,在1200℃下能达到一定程度的烧结,发生的反应方程式为2MoSi2+7O2+2MgO=2MgMoO4+4SiO2,但MgMoO4在＞1200℃时不稳定,易与Al2O3发生反应,反应方程式为MgMoO4+Al2O3=MoO3+MgAl2O4;(3)过多MoSi2细粉的加入会引起试样较大的体积膨胀.     

MgO-MgAl2O4复合材料的制备及在耐火材料中的应用

采用烧结海水镁砂和α-Al2O4为原料，以固相反应法制备富镁尖晶石。原料Al2O，和MgO分别按比例进行混合配料。煅烧生成的镁铝尖晶石晶种量随MgO含量和温度的变化而变化，其变化范围为5％～50％。等量配比的试样，经1000℃煅烧2h，随后于1600℃烧结4h，可观察到煅烧粉末中尖晶石相占70％。初期煅烧温度和原生的尖晶石量对烧结试样的致密性和显微结构有着重要影响。探讨了尖晶石含量与结晶化效应和显微结构的关系。     

MgO-MgAl2O4-MgAlON系复合材料的制备及性能研究

分别以60%(w)的电熔镁砂或(和)电熔镁铝尖晶石为骨料,以40%(w)的Al-Al2O3-MgO混合粉(采用Al粉、活性α-Al2O3和MgO粉按质量比4∶9∶1混合)为基质料,在N2气氛中于1500℃6h反应烧结制备了MgO-MgAlON、MgO-MgAl2O4-MgAlON和MgAl2O4-MgAlON三种复合材料,并研究了材料的烧结性能、高温力学性能、物相组成以及显微结构。结果表明在本试验范围内,3种材料的烧结性能相差不大,1500℃氮化烧成后均达到致密烧结状态;材料的HMOR-T曲线属于I类曲线,且热态抗折强度(≤1400℃)均高于常温强度,强度峰值的对应温度均为1200℃。所制备的3种复合材料相比较,MgAl2O4-MgAlON复合材料的综合性能最优。     

刚玉-莫来石-锌铝尖晶石复相材料的合成与烧结

热力学计算表明:在Al2O3SiO2ZnO三元体系中,硅酸锌(Zn2SiO4)和锌铝尖晶石(ZnAl2O4)生成Gibbs自由能在温度为1326.85℃以下是负值,莫来石(3Al2O3·2SiO2)的Gibbs生成自由能在温度为426.85℃以上是负值。系统中Al2O3富存的条件下,Al2O3可与Zn2SiO4反应生成锌铝尖晶石。以ZnO,SiO2,Al(OH)3为原料,通过固相反应合成刚玉莫来石锌铝尖晶石复相材料。研究烧结温度和气氛对刚玉莫来石锌铝尖晶石复相材料的合成与烧结性能的影响。用X射线衍射分析复相材料中的物相成分。用扫描电子显微镜观察复相材料的显微结构。结果发现:Al2O3SiO2ZnO三元体系在所选择的配料点,1300℃及1600℃时均能生成刚玉、莫来石、锌铝尖晶石3种物相,不会出现低熔点的硅酸盐相,这明显区别于Al2O3MgOSiO2三元体系,该体系在1500℃左右会出现低熔点相。试样在900℃烧成后出现锌铝尖晶石相。随着温度升高,试样的致密化过程加快,部分抵消了1300℃左右莫来石形成所产生的体积膨胀。当烧结温度高于1300℃时,试样的致密化过程大大加快。还原性气氛不利于刚玉莫来石锌铝尖晶石复相材料的合成与烧结。     

工艺参数对镁铝尖晶石保温材料物相与性能的影响

以α-Al2O3微粉、电熔镁砂和ρ-Al2O3为原料,采用泡沫胶凝法制备了体积密度0.9～1.1 g/cm3镁铝尖晶石保温材料,考察了ρ-Al2O3、电熔镁砂加入量、烧成温度和保温时间对镁铝尖晶石保温材料物相与性能的影响.研究结果表明,随着ρ-Al2O3加入量增加试样常温耐压强度与烧成线变化率增大,物相组成均为“刚玉+镁铝尖晶石”;增加MgO加入量试样先收缩后膨胀,加入量为20wt％时常温耐压强度达最大值,物相组成由“刚玉+镁铝尖晶石”变为“镁铝尖晶石”再变为“镁铝尖晶石+方镁石”;提高烧成温度能明显促进试样烧结,延长保温时间可提高试样常温耐压强度.     

添加MgO及烧结参数对莫来石形成的影响

对添加MgO及烧结参数对莫来石形成和致密化影响进行了研究。采用扫描电子显微镜,对粉末形态和烧结试样的显微结构特征进,亍描述。采用X射线衍射对烧结试样中相的特征进行观测。依据阿基米德原理采用密度和量化,测定烧结试样的密度。结果发现,MgO的添加不仅影响莫来石的形成,而且也促进了颗粒的生长。对于含有MgO0％、1％、2％的试佯仅有莫来石形成。而除莫来石之外,Al2O3存在于含MgO3％的试样之中。更高的MgO含量（4％、5％和6％）,形成三种相,即莫来石、Al2O3和尖晶石。与更高的烧结温度相对应,对于所有烧结时间和更高的密度,添加MgO1％所有试样的密度增加。在更高的MgO含量状态下,几乎在所有烧结温度下．更高的温度导致更低的密度并且更低的温度导致更高的密摩。     

稀土氧化物对反应烧结合成镁铝尖晶石的影响

以分析纯MgO(粒度<5 um)和活性仅α-Al2O3微粉(粒度<5 um)为主要原料,分别添加不同量的4种稀土氧化物粉末(Y,,2O3、La2O、Nd2O3和CeO2),共混4 h后,在100 MPa下压制成φ30 mm×20 mm的试样,经110℃干燥6 h后,分别于1 100、1 200、1 300、1 400、1 500和1 650 ℃保温3 h烧成.借助DSC、XRD、SEM和能谱分析研究稀土氧化物对反应烧结合成镁铝尖晶石的影响.结果表明:(1)添加稀土氧化物降低了镁铝尖晶石'的结晶温度,促进了尖晶石的晶粒发育;(2)添加3%Nd2O3的试样经1 650℃保温3 h制备出相对密度为92%的镁铝尖晶石;(3)稀土氧化物促进镁铝尖晶石致密化的机理不同:Y2O3和Nd2O3在试样中形成复杂氧化物活化了晶格,而La2O3和CeO2在试样中主要是形成液相,从而促进了镁铝尖晶石的烧结致密化.     

反应烧结法制备MgAlON的合成机理及烧结行为的研究

通过对以Al2 O3、MgO和AlN为起始原料 ,在氮气气氛中反应烧结合成MgAlON材料合成机理的研究发现 :在 12 0 0℃以前 ,MgO与Al2 O3反应生成镁铝尖晶石 ,此后 ,随着温度的升高 ,Al2O3不断向所形成的尖晶石中固溶 ;在 130 0℃以前 ,AlN基本上不参与反应 ,而在更高的温度下 ,AlN开始向尖晶石中固溶形成MgAlON ,约在 15 5 0℃时形成单一的MgAlON相。用热膨胀仪检测了试样的线变化率随温度和时间的变化 ,用最小二乘法回归分析了试样线变化率的实验数据 ,并根据烧结理论对MgAlON材料烧结初期的动力学进行了探讨。结果表明 ,MgAlON材料烧结初期的烧结机理以体积扩散为主     

γ-Al2O3和α-Al2O3与其对应的氢氧化物对合成尖晶石的影响

以γ-Al2O3(勃姆石在700℃保温4 h热处理后的产物)、α-Al2O3(Al(OH)3在1 400℃保温4 h热处理后的产物)、勃姆石、Al(OH)3为原料,与轻烧MgO按n(Al2O3):n(MgO)=1的组成配料并制备试样,研究了在800～1 600 ℃下不同氧化铝及其对应的氢氧化物对合成尖晶石的影响.结果表明:γ-Al2O3和α-Al2O3分别同与其对应的氢氧化物为原料的试样具有相似的烧结性能;且以氢氧化物为原料比以氢氧化物煅烧后所得的氧化物为原料更有利于尖晶石的生成,但不利于尖晶石的致密化.     

烧结合成致密尖晶石的试验研究

采用粒度≤0.058mm、MgO质量分数为96.28%的轻烧镁砂和粒度≤0.043mm的αAl2O3为原料,分别在50MPa、100MPa、150MPa和200MPa的成型压力以及1600℃、1650℃、1700℃、1750℃和1800℃的烧成温度下进行合成尖晶石的试验研究。结果表明:通过控制合理的工艺参数,特别是m(MgO):m(Al2O3)的比约为1:1,成型压力约100MPa,烧成温度>1700℃时,可一步煅烧制得体积密度>3.30g·cm-3、尖晶石含量较高的致密镁铝尖晶石。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.